Humulus lupulus Cannabaceae

In addition to the bitter acids and essential oils, the flowers of hops offer a rich array of polyphenolic compounds, primarily chalcones and their accompanying flavanones, many of which are prenylated derivatives (Stevens et al., 1997,1999a, b). The most prominent flavonoid in all plants studied was xanthohumol [342] (3 -prenyl-6 -0-methylchalconaringenin chalconaringenin is 2, 4, 6, 4-tetrahydroxychalcone) (see Fig. 4.11 for structures 342-346). Several additional chalcones—variously adorned with 0-methyl and/or C-prenyl functions—were also encountered, along with their respective flavanones. Three new compounds were described in the Stevens et al. 

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Asclepias syriaca (milkweed) (Asteraceae) [flower], Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae), Beta vulgaris (processed sugar beet) (Chenopodiaceae), Jasminum sambac (Oleaceae), Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae), Vitis vinfera (Vitaceae) (wine)... 

Monoterpenoids are responsible for fragrances and flavors of many plants and thus their products are used in perfumery and as spices. To date over 1,500 monoterpenoids are known, and these constitute acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenoids (32), which occur in nature as hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids and their esters. Several acyclic monoterpenoid hydrocarbons are known, and these include trienes such as 3-myrcene (Cl), a-myrcene (C2), (Z)-a-ocimene (C3), ( )-a-ocimene (C4), (Z)-3-ocimene (C5), and ( )-P-ocimene (C6). 3-Myrcene and 3-ocimene are constituents of basil (Oci-mum basilicum, Labiatae) and bay (Pimenta acris, Myrtaceae), pettitgrain (Citrus vulgaris, Rutaceae) leaves, strobiles of hops (Humulus lupulus, Cannabaceae), and several other essential oils. Unsaturated acyclic monoterpene alcohol constituents of plants and their derived aldehydes play a signihcant role in the perfume industry. Some common acyclic monoterpene alcohols and aldehydes include geraniol (C7), linalool (C8) (a... 

Humulenes are, associated with epoxyhumuladienes derived from a-humulene as well as (-)-humulol and (+)-humuladienone, prominent eonstituents of the essential oils of hops Humulus lupulus, Cannabaceae), cloves (Caryophylli flos, Caryophyl-laceae) and ginger Zingiber zerumbeticum, Zingiberaceae). 

Humulone (7), from Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae), is partly responsible for the bitter flavor in beer. About 35 ppm of hop-derived substances contibute a specific bitter taste and hoppy flavor to beer. Hops also contribute for the microbiological stability and the stability of foam of beer (De Keukeleire, 1991). However, the activity comes not from the native hop compounds, but from iso-a-acids produced by boiling the wort-containing hops (De Keukeleire et al., 1992 Bonded et al., 1987). 

P-Caryophyllene is a common component of many essential oils. For example, the essential oil of black pepper (see Table 8.32, later) contains about 20% of P-caryophyllene. Its a-isomer humulene (also known as a-caryophyllene) occurs in the hops essential oil Humulus lupulus, Cannabaceae) both compounds are often present in the mixture. Common components of essential oils are also bisabolenes. Higher quantities of P-bisabolene (10-15%) and also a-zingiberene (22-30%), ar-curcumene (20%), a-selinene and p-farnesene are found in ginger essential oil. The essential oil of white sandalwood Santalum album, Santalaceae) contains, in addition to sesquiterpenic alcohols as major components, many sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons, including a-bergamotene or-curcumene, P-bisabolene and many others. Trivial and systematic names of the main sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons are listed in Table 8.3. 

Formation from in vitro prenylation of phloroisobutyrophenone (SM) in Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae). The first step, formation of SM from malonyl-CoA and isobutyryl-CoA, is catalyzed by valerophenone synthase (VPS) [8216]. 

Marijuana is derived from the Indian hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, a member of the Cannabaceae family and the Urticales (nettle) order. Some botanists claim that this genus contains as many as three other species C. indica, C. ruderalis, and even Humulus lupulus, the hops plant. Other botanists insist that the differences between plants reflect simple variations, not different species. 

Cannabis saliva (marihuana), Humulus lupulus (hops) (Cannabaceae) [leaf, flower] Semi-synthetic... 

Humuli iupuli strobulus Hops Humulus lupulus L. Moraceae (Cannabaceae) DAB 10, BHP 83 Acyl phlorogluddes humulone ( a-adds, 3%-12%) Lupulone ( (3-acids,, 3%-5%) unstable compoutids, hop bitter acids... 

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