Human stratum comeum

Cholesterol is found in many biological membrane and is the main sterol of animal organisms. It is eqnimolar with phospholipids in membranes of liver cell, erythrocytes, and myelin, whereas in human stratum comeum it lies in the outermost layer of the epidermis... 

Raith and Neubert [57] have developed a method for the profihng of human stratum comeum ceramides. The method enables the investigation of the role of ceramides in maintaining the barrier function of stratum comeum. TLC using automated multiple development was modified for semipreparative purposes. The fractionation of complex lipid extracts using this method ensured specific, sensitive, and... 

Anderson, B. D. and Raykar, P. V., Solute structure-permeability relationships in human stratum comeum, J. Invest. Derm., 1989, 93, 280-286. 

The pH of intact skin ranges from about 4.8 to 6.0, while interstitial fluid exhibits a pH that is near neutral. The low pH on skin is attributed mainly to the presence of the so-called acid mantle , a natural skin barrier to the external environment [172], Wagner et al. [173] measured both in-vivo and in-vitro pH profiles across human stratum comeum (SC) using the tape stripping technique and a flat surface pH electrode (InLab 426 from Mettler Toledo). They found a steep pH increase from pH 6 to 8 in the first 100 pm after the removal of the SC. 

Rieger, M.M. and Deems, D.E. (1974). Skin Moisturizers. II. The effects of cosmetic ingredients on human stratum comeum. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 25 253. 

A. M. Kligman and E. Christophers. Preparation of isolated sheets of human stratum comeum. Arch. Dermatol. 88 702-705 (1963). 

P. Agache, J. P. Boyer, and R. Laurent. Biomechanical properties and microscopic morphology of human stratum comeum incubated on a wet pad in vitro. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 246 271-283 (1973). 

T. Shukuwa, A. M. Kligman, and T. J. Stoudemayer. A new model for assessing the damaging effects of soaps and surfactants on human stratum comeum. Acta Derm. Venereol. 77 29-34 (1997). 

Y. N. Kalia, F. Pirot, and R. H. Guy. Homogeneous transport in a heterogeneous membrane Water diffusion across human stratum comeum in vivo. Biophys. J. 

Dermal Effects. No reports are available on the toxicity of chloroform to skin after inhalation and oral exposures in humans. Stratum comeum damage was reported after a topical exposure of chloroform of 15 minutes duration for 6 consecutive days (Malten et al. 1968). Chloroform was used as a vehicle for the topical application of aspirin for the treatment of painful herpes zoster lesions in male and female humans. The only reported side-effect was an occasional burning sensation to the skin as the chloroform evaporated after application (King 1993). 

FIG. 12. Permeability of ibuprofen from different formulations via excised human stratum comeum. Redrawn from Stoye, L, Permeabilitdtsverdnderung von humanem Stratum corneum nach Applikation nicht-steroidaler Antirheumatika in verschiedenen kolloidalen Trdgersystemen, Ph.D. Thesis TU Braunschweig, 1997. 

Ohman, H., and Vahlquist, A. 1994. In vivo studies concerning a pH gradient in human stratum comeum and upper epidermis. Acta Dermatol. Venerol (Stockh.) 74 375-79. 

Rates of percutaneous absorption of hydroquinone in 5% aqueous solution through human stratum comeum in vitro were approximately half those through full-thickness rat skin the human skin penetration rate was classified as slow (Barber et al., 1995). The data allowed calculation of skin absorbance in workers in photographic development. 

Van Hal, D.A., et al. 1996. Structure of fully hydrated human stratum comeum A freeze fracture electron microscopy study. J Invest Dermatol 106 89. 

Pliquett, U., et al. 1998. Local transport regions in human stratum comeum due to long and short high voltage pulses. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 47 151. 

Pliquett, U.F., G.T. Martin, and J.C. Weaver. 2002. Kinetics of the temperature rise within human stratum comeum during electroporation and pulsed high voltage iontophoresis. Bioelectrochemistry 57 65. 

J. A. Bouwstra, G. S. Gooris, M. A. Salomons-de Vries, and W. Bras, The influence of N-alkyl-azones on the ordering of the lamellae in human stratum comeum, as determined by small angle x-ray diffraction, Int. J. Pharm. 79 141-148 (1992). 

Warner, R.R., Stone K.J., and Boissy, Y.L. Hydration disrupts human stratum comeum ultrastructure, J. Invest. Dermatol., 120, 275, 2003. 

Thiele, J.J., Trabber, M.G., and Packer, L., Depletion of human stratum comeum viamin E an early and sensitive in vivo marker of UV photooxidation, J. Invest. Dermatol., 110, 756, 1998. 

Johnson, S.A., Gorman, D.M., Adams, M.J., and Briscoe, B J., The friction and lubrication of human stratum comeum, thin films in tribology, Dowson, D. et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 19th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V., 1993, pp. 663-672. 

Wenzel AG, Jacobsen EN (2002) Asymmetric catalytic Mannich reactions catalyzed by urea derivatives enantioselective synthesis of beta-aryl-beta-amino acids. J Am Chem Soc 124 12964-12965 Wertz PW, Miethke MC, Long SA, Stauss JS, Downing DT (1985) The composition of the ceramides from human stratum comeum and from comedones. J Invest Dermatol 84 410—412... 

Raith, K., Zellmer, S., Lasch, J., Neubert, R.H.H. Profiling of human stratum comeum ceramides by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 418, 167-173 (2000)... 

Figure 2 Electron micrograph of human stratum comeum after in situ precipitation of butanol (for 2 hr) following osmium vapor treatment. The authors found an irregular pattern of deposits throughout the intercellular spaces of the stratum comeum. The magnification is 45,600x. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 26.)...

Figure 4 Electron micrograph of DMSO-pretreated human stratum comeum in vitro. Bodd6 and co-workers propose that DMSO increases mercury penetration but does not affect the bimodal distribution visualized in untreated skin. (Reproduced with permission from Ref 46.)...

Brody, I. Intercellular space in normal human stratum comeum. Nature 209 472-476, 1966. 

Golden, G., Guzek, D., Harris, R., McKie, J. and Potts, R. Lipid thermotropic transitions in human stratum comeum. J. Invest. Derm. 86 255-259, 1986. Friberg, S., Osborne, D. and Tombridge, T. X-ray diffraction of human stratum comeum. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 36 349-354, 1985. 

Bouwstra, J., Gooris, G., van der Spek, J. and Bras, J. Structural investigations of human stratum comeum by small angle x-ray scattering. J. Invest. Derm. 97 1005-1012, 1991. 

Neelissen, J., de Haan, R, Junginger, H. and Bodde, H. Microscopical visualization of transport routes of estradiol and norethindrone (acetate) across human stratum comeum in vitro. In Prediction of Percutaneous Penetration. Montpelier, 1993. 

Bouwstra, J., Pesschier, L., Brussee, J. and Bodde, H. Effect of V-alkyl-azoheptan-2-ones including azone on the thermal behavior of human stratum comeum. Int. J. Pharmaceut. 52 47-54, 1989. 

Holland, H. E., Bouwstra, J. A., Boddd, H. E., Spies, F. and Junginger, H. E. Interactions between liposomes and human stratum comeum in vitro Freeze fracture electron microscopical visualization and small angle x-ray scattering studies. Br. J. Dermatol. 752(6) 853-866, 1995. 

Bouwstra, J. A., Gooris, G. S., Salomons-de Vries, M. A., Van der Spek, J. A. and Bras, W. (1992b). Stmcture of human stratum-comeum as a function of temperature and hydration A wide-angle x-ray diffraction study. Inter. J. Pharamaceut. 84 205. 

Garson, J. C., Doucet, J., Leveque, J. L., and Tsoucaris, G. (1991). Oriented structure in human stratum comeum revealed by x-ray diffraction. J. Invest. Derm. 96 43. 

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