X-ray scattering studies

Cakmak M, Teitge A, Zachman FI G and White J L 1993 On-line small-angle and wide-angle x-ray scattering studies on melt-spinning poly(vinylidene fluoride) tape using synchrotron radiation J. Polym. Sc/. 31 371- 81... 

Ocko B M, Wang X J, Adzic R and Wandiowski Th 1998 Surface x-ray scattering studies of Eiectrosorption Synchrotron Radiat. News 11 23-30... 

Melroy O R, Toney M F, Borges G L, Samant M G, Kortright J B, Ross P N and Blum L 1989 An In situ grazing incidence x-ray scattering study of the initial stages of electrochemical growth of lead on silver(111) J. Electroanal. Chem. 258 403-14... 

X-ray scattering studies at a renewed pc-Ag/electrolyte interface366,823 provide evidence for assuming that fast relaxation and diffu-sional processes are probable at a renewed Sn + Pb alloy surface. Investigations by secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) of the Pb concentration profile in a thin Sn + Pb alloy surface layer show that the concentration penetration depth in the solid phase is on the order of 0.2 pm, which leads to an estimate of a surface diffusion coefficient for Pb atoms in the Sn + Pb alloy surface layer on the order of 10"13 to lCT12 cm2 s i 820 ( p,emicai analysis by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and Auger ofjust-renewed Sn + Pb alloy surfaces in a vacuum confirms that enrichment with Pb of the surface layer is probable.810... 

Fujimura M., Hashimoto T., and Kawai H., Small-angle x-ray scattering study of perfluorinated ionomer membranes. 2. Models for ionic scattering maximum. Macromolecules, 15, 136, 1982. 

Small angle X-ray-scattering studies and light-scattering studies of lens extracts show that the transparency of the lens is the result of the short-range spatial order of lens proteins (Delaye and Tardieu, 1983). The molecular structure of the individual crystallins is well ordered even though the overall pattern in the lens may appear chaotic. 

Wu S, Lipkowski J, Magnussen OM, Ocko BM, Wandlowski T. 1998. The driving force for (p X - 3) <->(1x1) phase transition of Au(lll) in the presence of organic adsorption A combined chronocoulometric and surface X-ray scattering study. J Electroanal Chem 446 67-77. 

Tidswell IM, Markovic NM, Lucas C, Ross PN. 1993. In-situ X-ray scattering study of the Au(lOO) reconstructuin in alkaline and acid solution. Phys Rev B 47 16542. 

Sayers, Z. Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering Studies of the Chromatin Fibre Structure, 145, 203-232 (1987). 

The plastic deformation patterns can be revealed by etch-pit and/or X-ray scattering studies of indentations in crystals. These show that the deformation around indentations (in crystals) consists of heterogeneous rosettes which are qualitatively different from the homogeneous deformation fields expected from the deformation of a continuum (Chaudhri, 2004). This is, of course, because plastic deformation itself is (a) an atomically heterogeneous process mediated by the motion of dislocations and (b) mesoscopically heterogeneous because dislocation motion occurs in bands of plastic shear (Figure 2.2). In other words, plastic deformation is discontinuous at not one, but two, levels of the states of aggregation in solids. It is by no means continuous. And, it is by no means time independent it is a flow process. 

Through X-ray scattering studies of the electron densities in MgCu2, Kubota et al. (2000) found concentrations of electrons between the Cu atom pairs, but not between Mg—Cu pairs. They interpreted this as p3d3 covalent hybrid Cu—Cu bonds embedded in Mg metal. 

Packing efficiency can also be described by the extent of short-range order in the amorphous state. Mitchell has shown through X-ray scattering studies that, while the local molecular organization of noncrystalline polymers is random, in many cases, there are additional correlations that do not perturb the chain trajectory but will impact polymer properties.15 These correlations have a limited spatial range (<50A) but will have a particular impact on bulk properties... 

The elucidation of actinide chemistry in solution is important for understanding actinide separation and for predicting actinide transport in the environment, particularly with respect to the safety of nuclear waste disposal.72,73 The uranyl CO + ion, for example, has received considerable interest because of its importance for environmental issues and its role as a computational benchmark system for higher actinides. Direct structural information on the coordination of uranyl in aqueous solution has been obtained mainly by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements,74-76 whereas X-ray scattering studies of uranium and actinide solutions are more rare.77 Various ab initio studies of uranyl and related molecules, with a polarizable continuum model to mimic the solvent environment and/or a number of explicit water molecules, have been performed.78-82 We have performed a structural investigation of the carbonate system of dioxouranyl (VI) and (V), [U02(C03)3]4- and [U02(C03)3]5- in water.83 This study showed that only minor geometrical rearrangements occur upon the one-electron reduction of [U02(C03)3]4- to [U02(C03)3]5-, which supports the reversibility of this reduction. 

In addition to the crystal forms, X-ray scattering studies indicate that when unoriented PEN fiber was drawn at 120 °C ( 7 g), a mesophase is generated. In this form, the molecular chains are in registry with each other in the meridional direction but not fully crystallized in the equatorial direction. This conclusion was based on the presence of additional meridional peaks not accounted for by the crystal structure obtained by X-ray scattering. The mesophase is a intermediate phase and its existence is strongly dependent upon the processing conditions consequently, it could have implications with respect to the properties of commercially produced fibers and films, since it appears to be stable and not easily converted to the crystalline form, even at elevated temperature [25, 26], The mesophase structures of PET, PEN and poly(ethylene naphthalate bibenzoate) were compared by Carr et al. [27], The phase behavior of PEN and PEN blends with other polymers has also been studied [28-32],... 

Vermeylen, R., Derycke, V., Delcour, J. A., Goderis, B., Reynaers, H., and Koch, M. H. J. (2006). Gelatinization of starch in excess water Beyond the melting of lamellar crystallites. A combined wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering study. Biomucromolecules 7, 2624-2630. 

J. X. Wang, R. P. Adzic, B. M. Ocko, In situ surface X-ray scattering studies of electrosorption in Interfacial Electrochemistry. Theory, Experiment and Applications (Ed. A. Wifckowski), Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel, 1999, p. 175. 

Bradley, A. E., Hardacre, C., Holbrey, J. D., Johnston, S., McMath, S. E. J., and Nieuwenhuyzen, M., Small-angle x-ray scattering studies of liquid crystalline l-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium salts, Chem. Mater., 14,629-635,2002. 

Berger, H., and Wharton, D. C. (1980). Small-angle X-ray scattering studies of oxidized and reduced cytochrome oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 622, 355-359. 

Salts of j8-[Mo8026]4 may be crystallized from more acidic solutions, pH 2-3. The structure of the anion (Figure 7) is also formally derivable from that of [VioO ]6- The existence of significant concentrations of /3-[Mo8026]4- in aqueous solutions has been controversial, but Raman and X-ray scattering studies provide more positive evidence.34... 

Hashimoto, T. (1985). Time resolved small-angle X-ray scattering studies on kinetics and molecular dynamics of order-disorder transition of block polymers. In Physical optics of dynamic phenomena and processes in macromolecular systems, (ed. B. Sedlacek), p. 106. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. 

Safinya, C.R. (1989) Rigid and fluctuating surfaces a series of synchrotron x-ray scattering studies of interacting stacked membranes. In T.Riste and D. Sherrington (eds) Phase Transitions in Soft Condensed Matter. Nato ASI Series B, 211, pp. 249-270. 

Holland, H.E., et al. 1995. Interactions between liposomes and human stratum corneum in vitro Freeze fracture electron microscopical visualization and small angle x-ray scattering studies. Br J Dermatol 132 853. 

An anomalous X-ray scattering study of (+(-tubocurarine dibromide (73 4MeOH) confirmed the structure and absolute configuration earlier assigned. The N-N distance is 10.66 A (47,48). A purified sample of (+(-tubocurarine chloride (73a), prepared by selective quatemization of (+(-tubocurine (74) (Section V,B,1), gave the anomalous MS behavior previously ascribed to thermal disproportionation or the presence of impurities. In particular, the MS has mle 594 [17%, (M - 15)+, loss of Me] but also 608 (3.7%) and 622 (0.5%). The higher peaks seem to be due to a thermal Hofmann elimination followed by recombination with methyl radicals. Similar behavior is observed with the tertiary bases (—)-curine (75) and (+(-tubocurine (74), and may be general for alkaloids of this skeletal type (49). 

Nogales, A., Hsiao, B.S., Somani, R.H., Srinivas, S., Tsou, A.H., Balta-Callja, F.J. and Eqzuerra, T.A. (2001) Shear-induced crystallization of isotactic polypropylene with different molecular weight distributions in situ small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering studies, Polymer 42(12), 5247-5256... 

D.F. McMorrow, D. Gibbs and J. Bohr, X-ray scattering studies of lanthanide magnetism 1... 

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