Human machine model

The practical needs of military and aerospace systems tended to focus interest on human-machine interfaces (e.g., aircraft cockpits), with particular emphasis on information displays and the design of controls to minimize error. The predominant model of the human prevalent at that time (called behaviorism) concentrated exclusively on the inputs and outputs to an individual and ignored any consideration of thinking processes, volition, and other... 

As illustrated, based on simulation results, using the plotted graphs and screens, management can easily evaluate different design alternatives, machine and human behavior models, control systems, sensory feedback processing, and the need of a balanced server architecture, and even investigate what if scenarios further, without committing to major upfront investment. 

Step 6. Having identified such structural factors (the real root causes), the model must allow interpretation of these, i.e. it must suggest ways of influencing these factors, to eliminate or diminish error factors and to promote or introduce recovery opportunities in the human-machine systems and indeed in the organisation as a whole. 

Furthermore, based on the information provided by elements 4 and 5 of the functional model, the main features of the human-machine interface cem also be specified, ensuring compatibility with operators competencies. The way task s objects should be represented by the system, the type of man-machine dialogues to be used, the procedures to be proposed, and generic or customizable elements of the system are examples of human-computer interface features that can be specified using the acquired data. 

To assess the potential of simulation to answer questions, every potential human performance modeling project should first determine the specific questions that the project is trying to answer. Then conduct a critical assessment of what is important in the human-machine system being modeled. This will define the required content and fidehty of the model. The questions that should be considered about the system include ... 

Boettcher, K., Rdey, V., and CoUins, C. (1989), A Modeling Approach for Analyzing Human-Machine Interaction Dynamics in Computer Systems, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (Cambridge, MA). 

Human judgment models, 2200-2201 Human-machine interaction, 876, 1020-1021 Human modeling, digital, see Digital human modeling... 

Human performance modeling, 2410-2441 Distributed Operator Model Architecture (DOMAR), 2440-2441 evolution of, 2410 first-principle models, 2413-2414 Man-Machine Integrated Design and... 

Instrumented human-interface techniques These techniques are used to passively and unobtrusively collect objective data on task performance and the procedures by instrumenting human-machine interfaces. These techniques are used to record the timing, sequences, and frequencies of explicit actions. These can, for example, model navigation through a website using search and hyperlink actions or the low-... 

Using these task models without incorporating human and machine models forces a general assumption that task difficulty is a hnear function of complexity (modeled as more task-steps or information requirements). Even with this assumption, the task model by itself provides no indication of the acceptability of the task complexity or expected human or machine performance. Both these judgments require considerations of human and machine processing and performance models. 

Because of these issues, task analysis is used in combination with human and machine models to make design decisions. Using task, human, and machine models in concert requires that the cognitive components being modeled are described in consistent, or at least relatable, terms. Further, the quality and precision of the decision wiU be enhanced to the degree that the task model describes requirements quantitatively, while the human and machine models describe their capabilities quantitatively. 

Making applied decisions involves performing a combined human machine task analysis of available and required mental capacities. This analysis (1) requires that the mental components of tasks, the mental capabilities of humans, and the information-processing capabilities of machines be modeled and analyzed in compatible and consistent terms and (2) is greatly enhanced if the terms are quantitative. From the... 

In this category the characteristics of the machine side of the human-machine interface are modeled... 

Sixthly, establishment of safe and high-efficient mining model need mobilize, allocate and integrate systematically, scientifically and organically inner human-machine- environment and information. These aren t unilateral, partial, tactical, microscopic, miniature, mended and short-term measure, but comprehensive, systematic, strategy, macroscopic, large, innovative and long-term measure. 

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