Insulin impaired secretion

As anticipated, arginine infusion caused a large (221 percent) increase in calcium excretion in sham-operated animals. Parathyroidectomy had no effect on the calciuric response to arginine uri-ary calcium increases in PTX control and arginine-infused animals were 299 and 302 percent respectively. These results persisted when data were corrected for differences in GFR. The data illustrate that neither PTH activity nor secretion is involved in insulin impairment of renal calcium transport. 

Many of the enzymes of intermediary metabolism contain zinc, and deficiency affects all macronutrients. Protein synthesis and DNA and RNA synthesis require zinc. Insulin is secreted from the pancreas and circulates in association with zinc. This secretion is diminished under conditions of zinc deficiency, leading to impaired glucose metabolism. Lipid metabolism is also affected, with zinc deficiency being associated with reductions in circulating high-density lipoproteins. 

Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous and progressive endocrine disorder associated with insulin resistance (impaired insulin action) and defective function of the insulin-secreting (3-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. These endocrine disorders give rise to widespread metabolic disturbances epitomised by hyperglycaemia. The present classes of antidiabetic agents other than insulin act to either increase insulin secretion, improve insulin action, slow the rate of intestinal... 

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where glucose metabolism in the body is impaired. Type 1 diabetes is an early onset disease in which the pancreatic cells lose the function of insulin secretion either by genetic disposition or by a viral attack. Type 2 diabetes is a late onset disease developed due to insufficient insulin secretion or insulin resistance resulting in impaired glucose metabolism. 

Type 2 DM is the most prevalent form of diabetes and accounts for approximately 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases. Type 2 DM is usually slow and progressive in its development and often is preceded by pre-diabetes. Rising blood glucose levels result from increasing insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion leading to a situation of relative insulin deficiency. 

As mentioned above, insulin secretion by p-cells of the pancreatic islets increases in response to increasing glucose concentrations. In the insulin-resistant state, despite insulin concentrations that are increased two- to three-fold, there is an excessive rate of liver-glucose production. In addition, skeletal muscle glucose disposal in response to insulin is markedly decreased. This results in increased glucose concentrations. This inability to control glucose concentrations, is referred to as impaired glucose tolerance and may ultimately lead to type-2 diabetes. 

In overweight adults, a diabetic metabolic condition may develop (type II or non-insuUn-dependent diabetes) when there is a relative insulin deficiency-enhanced demand cannot be met by a diminishing insulin secretion. The cause of increased insulin requirement is a loss of insulin receptors or an impairment of the signal cascade activated by the insulin receptor. Accordingly, insulin sensitivity of cells declines. This can be illustrated by comparing concentration-binding curves in cells from normal and obese individuals... 

Dermatitis. Inflammation of the skin. Diabetes mellitus. A chronic syndrome of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism owing to insufficient secretion of insulin or to target tissue insulin resistance. Diabetes. A general term referring to disorders characterized by excessive urine excretion (polyuria), as in diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. 

Nitric oxide may be the active moiety of STZ that induces diabetes in this animal model. STZ contains a nitroso moiety and may release nitric oxide by a process analogous to the nitric oxide donor compounds SIN-1 and nitroprusside. Turk et al. (1993) have shown that incubation of rat islets with STZ at concentrations that impair insulin secretion results in the generation of nitrite and the accumulation of cGMP. STZ also inhibits mitochondrial aconitase activity of islets to a degree similar to that achieved by IL-1. These findings provide the first evidence that STZ impairs islet function by liberating nittic oxide. 

Diabetes mellitus is defined as an elevated blood glucose associated with absent or inadequate pancreatic insulin secretion, with or without concurrent impairment of insulin action. The disease states underlying the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus are now classified into four categories type 1, insulin-dependent diabetes) type 2, non-insulin-dependentdiabetes) type 3, other, and type 4, gestational diabetes mellitus (Expert Committee, 2003). 

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by tissue resistance to the action of insulin combined with a relative deficiency in insulin secretion. A given individual may have more resistance or more beta-cell deficiency, and the abnormalities may be mild or severe. Although insulin is produced by the beta cells in these patients, it is inadequate to overcome the resistance, and the blood glucose rises. The impaired insulin action also affects fat metabolism, resulting in increased free fatty acid flux and triglyceride levels and reciprocally low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). 

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