Human immunodeficiency virus neuropathy

A rabbit model of 2, 3 -dideoxycytidine neurotoxicity. Lab Invest 66(l) 63-74 Apostolski S, McAlarney T et al (1993) The gpl20 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 binds to sensory ganghon neurons. Ann Neurol 34(6) 855-863 Araujo AP, Nascimento OJ et al (2000) Distal sensory polyneuropathy in a cohort of HIV-infected children over five years of age. Pediatrics 106(3) E35 Authier FJ, Gheradi RK (2003) Peripheral neuropathies in HIV-infected patients in the era of HAART. Brain Pathol 13(2) 223-228... 

Blum AS, Dal Pan GJ et al (1996) Low-dose zalcitabine-related toxic neuropathy frequency, natural history, and risk factors. Neurology 46(4) 999-1003 Bradley WG, Verma A (1996) Painful vascuhtic neuropathy in HlV-1 infection relief of pain with prednisone therapy. Neurology 47(6) 1446-1451 Breen EC (2002) Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pharmacol Ther 95(3) 295-304 Bremer J (1990) The role of carnitine in intracellular metabolism. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 28(5) 297-301... 

Hoffman PM, Festoff BW et al (1985) Isolation of LAV/HTLV-III from a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med 313(5) 324-325 Hoke A, Cornblath DR (2004) Peripheral neuropathies in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 57 195-210... 

Paice JA, Ferrans CE et al (2000) Topical capsaicin in the management of HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy. J Pain Symptom Manage 19(l) 45-52 Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM et al (1998) Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 338(13) 853-860... 

Pettersen JA, Jones G et al (2006) Sensory neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients protease inhibitor-mediated neurotoxicity. Ann Neurol... 

Simpson DM, Tagliati M (1995) Nucleoside analogue-associated peripheral neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 9(2) 153-161... 

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Neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus infection has many causes. Multiple mechanisms cause neuropathy in patients with HIV. An immune-mediated, Guillain-Barre-like syndrome (see below) may occur at the time of HIV seroconversion. Later in the course of infection, patients may present with mononeuropathy multiplex, sometimes as a consequence of vasculitis associated with coinfection with hepatitis C. Distal sensory-autonomic axonal polyneuropathy may develop in patients with more advanced HIV, either as a consequence of high titers of HIV itself or of the neurotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs [18,19],... 

Ferrari S, Vento S, Monaco S, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated peripheral neuropathies. 

Simpson DM, Tagliati M. Nucleoside analog-associated peripheral neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus... 

Abrams et al. (2003) reported the effects of smoked cannabis in painful peripheral neuropathy secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and/or antiretroviral treatment. In a preliminary uncontrolled pilot study (in preparation for a planned placebo-controlled trial) excellent correlation was reported between cannabis dosing and pain improvement, with 10 of 16 participants experiencing a greater than 30% reduction in pain. These results provide the ethical justification to proceed with the controlled trial. 

Pyridoxine, vitamin B6, (10-50 mg/day) is coadministered with isoniazid to minimize the risk of peripheral neuropathy and central nervous system (CNS) toxicity in malnourished patients and those predisposed to neuropathy (e.g., slow acetylators, elderly, pregnant women, human immunodeficiency virus [HrV]-infected subjects, diabetics, alcoholics, and uremics). 

A first application of the new, very efficient asymmetric synthesis of C2-sym-fnetric ketones is described in scheme 7. Since the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta (USA) defined the diagnostic term AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) in 1982 [24] only three medications have been authorized for treatment of AIDS 3 -azido-3 -deoxythymidine (AZT, Wellcome, 1987), 2 ,3 -dideoxyinosine (DDI, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1992), and 2 ,3 -dideoxycytosine (DDC, Hoffmann La Roche, 1992), which was recently introduced for limited use. These drugs inhibit the enzyme reverse transcriptase of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nevertheless, they are only able to prolong somewhat the survival of patients with advanced cases of AIDS. They also lead to considerable side-effects (bone marrow damage, neuropathy) and to the generation of more resistant strains of the virus [25]. 

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