Human immunodeficiency virus discovery

Since the discovery of cis-1 -amino-2-indanol as a ligand for human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors and the development of a practical industrial process for the synthesis of either ris-isomers in enantiopure form, the remarkable properties of the rigid indane platform have been used extensively in an ever-increasing number of asymmetric methodologies. In addition to the use of this amino alcohol as a chiral auxiliary and ligand for asymmetric synthesis, it has found application as a useful resolution agent. Applications include amines, carboxylic acids, and alcohols. 

Boyd MR, Gustafson KR, McMahon JB et al (1997) Discovery of cyanovirin-N, a novel human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating... 

Ciborowski P, Gendelman HE (2006) Human immunodeficiency virus-mononuclear phagocyte interactions Emerging avenues of biomai ker discovery, modes of viral persistence and disease patliogenesis. Cru r HIV Res 4 279—291. 

HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is the virus that causes AIDS by severely weakening the human immune system. Since the discovery of HIV in 1983, scientists have searched for drugs that will combat the growth of the virus in human cells. Protease inhibitors are one of the newest classes of drugs to be developed. 

Pattishall, K. A. (1993) Discovery and development of zidovidine as the cornerstone of therapy to control human immunodeficiency virus infection, in The Search for Antiviral Drugs, Birkhauser, pp. 23 14. 

The flow of information in all cells is from DNA to RNA to protein, which is known as the central dogma of molecular biology it was formulated by Francis Crick shortly after the discovery of the structure of DNA. Information also can flow from DNA to DNA in both cells and among viruses that infect cells. Information also flows from RNA to RNA during the replication of RNA viruses such as the polio virus. The final permitted information transfer is from RNA to DNA, which only occurs in the case of retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The only information transfer that is prohibited by the central dogma is from protein to RNA or to DNA. The permitted information transfers in cells (infected or uninfected) is summarized below. 

What is the justification for direct public spending on targeted drug discovery In certain cases, public health authorities have determined that national priorities necessitate public investment to speed the process of developing new therapies. Illnesses related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one example. There may also be barriers to private-sector involvement. The orphan drug programs exist because some conditions affect so few patients that the private sector might otherwise find investment in potential treatments financially unprofitable. 

Wang T, Yin Z, Zhang Z et al (2009) Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) attachment. 5. An evolution from indole to azaindoles leading to the discovery of l-(4-benzoylpiperazin-l-yl)-2-(4,7-dimethoxy-l//-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (BMS-488043), a drug candidate that demonstrates antiviral activity in HIV-1-infected subjects. J Med Chem 52 7778-7787... 

Wang T. Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) attachment. Part x. SAR of 4-Methoxy 6-Azaindole series of HIV gpl20 entry inhibitors and discovery of BMS-626529 and its phosphonoxymethyl prodrug BMS-663068 (Manuscript in preparation)... 

Strizki, J.M., et al. Discovery and characterization of vicriviroc (SCFI 417690), a CCR5 antagonist with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus Type 1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005, 49, 4911 919. 

A somber development during the 1980s was the discovery of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) which is transmitted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Now, more than two decades later, AIDS... 

The emergence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the early 1980s pushed the discovery of new drugs and new modes of action to cure virus-induced illnesses. Early anti-HIV drugs focused on the inhibition of the reverse transcriptase... 

In the first biological application of buckyball, chemists at the University of California at San Francisco and Santa Barbara made a discovery in 1993 that could help in designing drugs to treat AIDS. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS reproduces by synthesizing a long protein chain, which is cut into smaller segments by an enzyme called HlV-protease. One way to stop AIDS, then, might... 

Within 1-3 years after the discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (1,2), the CD4 molecule was identified as the primary HIV receptor (3). HIV was shown to enter target cells by an initial binding event between the envelope glycoprotein (Env) molecules on the viral membrane and CD4 molecules on the target cell surface, followed by direct, pH-independent membrane fusion. Yet as early as 1986, it became clear that the Env-CD4 interaction was not sufficient to promote the fusion reaction (4-6) several lines of evidence indicated that the target cell must contain an additional human-specific cofactor (7-11), presumably a coreceptor. ... 

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