Human factors maintainability

If BPCS is not part of the standard, then it is to be separate and independent to the extent that the functional integrity of the SIS is not compromised. Requirements for operability (including human factor), maintainability, and testability to be addressed. 

Human factors should be considered in the location of items to be maintained and the required frequency of maintenance ... 

Where loss of control could lead to severe consequences, the integrity of the basic process control system and the protective safeguards must be designed, operated and maintained to a high standard. Industry standards such as ANSI/ISA-S84.01 (1996) and IEC 61508 (2000) address the issues of how to design, operate and maintain safety instrumented systems such as high temperature interlocks to achieve the necessary level of functional safety. The scope of these standards includes hardware, software, human factors and management (HSE 2000). 

If the gene therapy causes the production of a protein that was previously absent in the body, then an immune response to the novel protein is likely. Resistance to gene therapy can result from immunization against either the construct or the vector. The former is analogous to the patients who used to become resistant to xenobiotic insulins (see above), and is also seen in the case of human factor VIII in some patients with hemophilia. Escalating doses may be needed to maintain efficacy, or efficacy may be eventually lost. On the other hand, viral vectors are liable to replicate and also to elicit immune responses, just as for any vaccination, creating many of the same problems. 

Maintaining and using a consistent style, format, and common terminology gives the user clues about what to e q)ect, much like the shape of road signs or the legend on a map. This is part of the human factors aspect of... 

Lockwood. C. J-. Krikun. G., and Schaiz, F. (2001). Decidual cell-expressed iis.sue factor maintains hemosta.sis in human endotnetrium. Ami. N. Y. Acad Sci. 943, 77-88. 

Requirements development includes both the identification of perceived needs and measurements of real needs. For example, the suit s mask must allow the operator to maintain situational awareness of both surroundings and the protective system status. Development of these systems must be performed in close consultation with the operator community, who provide critical data on human factors as well as appropriate validation and testing procedures. Performance characteristics and threat specifications will require research to optimize the operation and protection factors. This wiU hkely require... 

All systems are of, by, and for humans. Human factors therefore become actively important in the system design process and consequently must be weighed against safety, rehabiUty, maintainability, and other system parameters in order to obtain trade-offs to increase system effectiveness. Human interaction with the system of interest consists of ... 

Many companies, particularly in aerospace, use integrated product teams that include, among others, design engineers, safety engineers, human factors experts, potential users of the system (operators), and maintainers. But the development process used may not necessarily take maximum advantage of this potential for collaboration. The process outlined in part III tries to do that. 

Use designs that are easier to maintain, considering human factors. 

UCRL 15673, Human Factors Design Guidelines for Maintainability of DOE Nuclear Faci I ities. 

Further human factors-oriented analysis as per the pre-mentioned retrospective studies is conducted on this incident. Findings revealed a mnnber of specific failures that led, collectively, to the incident. An overview of the context of these failures which were dominating within the MRO before the incident is given in Table 3 which also shows main parties involved in the associated errors initiahzation as the MRO management (O), supervisors (S), designers (D), and maintainers (M). 

The application of human factors principles to the design of devices and systems. It is often interchanged with the terms human engineering, usability engineering, or ergonomics. HFE typically focuses on the device-user interface (also called the UI or the man-machine interface). The user interface includes all components and accessories necessary to operate and properly maintain the device, including the controls, displays, software, logic of operation, labels, and instructions. 

D nitions of Effectiveness, Terms for Reliability, Maintainability, Human Factors, and Safety, MIL-STD-721, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, D.C. 

As discussed in Chapter 3, Subpart S of 30 CFR 250 requires the lessee to develop, implement, and maintain a SEMS for offshore oil and gas operations on the basis of API s RP 75. This goal-based SMS became effective on November 15,2011, and moved the regulations for offshore oil and gas operations from a primarily prescriptive system to a more risk-based system under which operators were required to demonstrate that the health and safety procedures described in the SEMS plan accomplished the stated goals. The shift away from a more prescriptive system was due in part to the inadequacy of an inspection process that encouraged compliance with checklists of potential incidents of noncompliance (PINCs) that tended to focus on preventing hardware-related mechanical failures. Previous reports indicated that most accidents occurring on the OCS were due to human factors or to not following proper procedures (Bea and Moore 1992 NRC 1990 TRB 2012). The rules in SEMS (for... 

There are ways to code components so someone does not confuse them. There are ways to design connectors and fittings so only correct mating parts connect. That prevents errors. References listed in the Bibliography provide insight into many techniques for incorporating human factors principles into maintainability. Many maintainability features involve safe maintenance and repair work. 

Verfaillie, C. M., Catanzarro, P. M., and Li, W. N. (1994) Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, interleukin 3 and diffusable marrow stromal factors maintain human haematopoietic stem cells for at least eight weeks in vitro. 7. Eixp. Med. 179,643-649. 

The main control room panels and other MCR operator interfaces are designed to provide the operator with information and controls needed to safely operate the plant in all operating modes, including startup, refuelling, safe shutdown, and maintaining the plant in a safe shutdown condition. Human factors engineering principles have been incorporated into all aspects of the SBWR MCR design. 

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