Human factors in design

One of the constraints for the optimization of the control laws is the comfort of the passengers and crew in order to avoid too many fluctuations or variations pUP 04 FAR 89 FAV 94 KUB 95 LAV 05 LIV 95] of excessive load factors. This optimization helps to reduce crew fatigue PAC 02]. 

The Airbus flight control system provides information to the eiew in order to ensure situational awareness at an appropriate level. In addition to this information and to manage situations of detected failure at their level or to prevent pilot errors, aircraft systems can trigger alarms in the form of audioAdsual warnings, or implement a semi-automatic command (see section 6.1.4). 

The information displayed (such as engaged Auto-Pilot mode, or indieation of the stall speed on the speed scale, or flight control state on the ECAM page) provides the crew with tools to interpret the situation and maintain the eontrol loop (the crew has Ml control over the aircraft and possesses all the elements to judge the situation and respond appropriately). 

Alarms (visual and/or audio) presented to the crew are associated with failures or events detected by the system and help to ensure a second barrier of safety. 

For example, tests and alarms T.O. CONFIG allow verification of the correct configuration of the aircraft before take-off (spoilers in, slats and flaps in takeoff 

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Dreyfuss, H. (1993), The Measure of Man and Woman Human Factors in Design, Whitney Library of Design, New York. 

What are the four areas to be considered in reviewing human factors in design ... 

Gordon, R. and Kirwan, B. 2005. Developing a safety culture in a research and development environment, in D. de Waard, K.A. Brookhuis, R. van Egmond and T. Boersema (eds), Human Factors in Design, Safety and Management, Maastricht Shaker Publishing, 493-504. 

Dale Huchingson, R., New Horizons for Human Factors in Design, McGraw-HiU, New York, 1981. 

Nertney, R. J., and M. G. Bullock (Feb. 1976). Human Factors in Design (SSDC-2), U.S. Department of Energy, System Safety Development Center, EG G Idaho, Inc., Idaho Falls. 

McCormick, E. J., Human Factors Engineering, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York (1970). A very thorough and complete source book for ergonomics and human factors in design. 

By including human factors in design decisions, the following benefits can be achieved ... 

At the proactive level, the most impact would be made by mining houses in particular taking a much more aggressive position in relation to their suppliers in terms of the importance of good standards of eigonomics/human factors in design... 

New facilities should be reviewed for ergonomics and human factors issues during design, construction, and startup. Existing facilities should be reviewed periodically for opportunities to improve human factors in an inherently safer way. 

In addition to these formal studies of human error in the CPI, almost all the major accident investigations in recent years, for example, Texas City, Piper Alpha, Phillips 66, Feyzin, Mexico City, have shown human error as a significant causal factors in design, operations, maintenance or the management of the process. Figures 4.4-1 and 4.4-2 show the effects of human error on nuclear plant operation. 

Fitts, P. M., Jones, R. E. (1947). Analysis of Factors Contributing to 460 "Pilot Error" Experiences in Operating Aircraft Controls. Reprinted in H. W. Sinaiko (Ed.) (1961), Selected Papers on Human Factors in the Design and Use of Control Systems. New York Dover. 

McCormick, E. J., Sanders, M. S. (1982). Human Factors in Engineering and Design (5th ed.). New York McGraw-Hill. 

Cushman, W. H., Rosenberg, D. J. (1991). Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics, Human Factors in Product Design. New York Elsevier. 

Human Error Analysis is used to identify those conditions at which errors made by personnel are most likely to occur. It is often possible to reduce the likelihood of such errors by considering human factors in the design [262-264]. A few examples are presented below to illustrate this technique ... 

Human Factors—a discipline concerned with designing machines, operations, and work environments so that they match human capabilities, limitations, and needs. Includes any technical work (engineering, procedure writing, worker training, worker selection, and other items) related to the human factor in operator-machine systems. 

Stevens, S. S. (1946). On the theory of scales of measurement. Science, 103, 677-680. Suwa, M., and Tversky, B. (1996). What architects see in their sketches implications for design tools. In CHI 96 Conference, Human factors in computing systems ... 

Here one quickly gets into the realm of human factors. In many large companies, new designs are developed by a central engineering department in cooperation with vendors and are subject to approval by the plant manager in whose plant the equipment is to be installed. 

James, C., Taveira, A., Sainfort, F., Carayon, R, and Smith, M. J. (1996), Developing a Comprehensive Quality Management Assessment Instrument for the Public Sector Results of a Mot Study, in Human Factors in Organizational Design Management—V Q. Brown tmd H. W. Hendrick, Eds., North-HoUand, Amsterdam, pp. 517-522. 

Such a procedure can also form a logical basis for human factors audits. The first step chooses the areas of study, the second samples the system, the third analyzes these samples, and the final step produces an audit report. These define the broad issues in human factors audit design ... 

Martel, A. (1998), Application of Ergonomics and Consmner Feedback to Product Design at Whirlpool, in Human Factors in Consumer Products, N. Stanton, Ed., Taylor Francis, London, pp. 

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