Human error reliability engineering

Gertman D.I., Blackman H.S., Haney L.N., Seidler K.S. and Hahn H.A., (1992) INTENT A Method for Estimating Human Error Probabilities for Decision Based Errors , Reliability Engineering System Safety, Vol. 35, pp. 127-136. 

Despite the lack of interest in human factors issues in the CPI in the past, the situation is now changing. In 1985, Trevor Kletz published his landmark book on human error in the CPI An Engineer s View of Human Error (revised in 1991). Several other books by the same author e.g., Kletz (1994b) have also addressed the issue of human factors in case studies. Two other publications have also been concerned specifically with human factors in the process industry Lorenzo (1990) was commissioned by the Chemical Manufacturers Association in the USA, and Mill (1992), published by the U.K. Institution of Chemical Engineers. In 1992, CCPS and other organizations sponsored a conference on Human Factors and Human Reliability in Process Safety (CCPS, 1992c). This was further evidence of the growing interest in the topic within the CPI. 

From a reliability engineering perspective, error can be defined by analogy with hardware reliability as "The likelihood that the human fails to provide a required system function when called upon to provide that fimction, within a required time period" (Meister, 1966). This definition does not contain any references to why the error occurred, but instead focuses on the consequences of the error for the system (loss or unavailability of a required function). The disadvantage of such a definition is that it fails to consider the wide range of other actions that the human might make, which may have other safety implications for the system, as well as not achieving the required function. 

Bell, B.J. Human Error Evaluation and Human Reliability Analysis, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, as contained in Jacob s presentation 2002. 

Richei, A., Hauptmanns, U, Unger, H. 2001. The human error rate assessment and optimising system HEROS- a new procedure for evaluating and optimizing the man-machine interface in PSA. Reliability Engineering and System Safety. 72 153 164. 

Reer, B. (2008a). Review of advances in human reliability analysis of errors of commission, cation. Reliability Engineering System Safety, 93(8), 1091-1104. 

Today, various mathematics and probability concepts are being used to study various types of safety-related problems. For example, probability distributions are used to represent times to human error in performing various types of time-continuous tasks in the area of safety [3-7]. In addition, the Markov method is used to conduct human performance reliability analysis in regard to engineering systems safety [7-9]. 

Mathematical models are often used in engineering to study various types of physical phenomena. Over the years, a large number of mathematical models have been developed to study human reliability and error in engineering systems [2]. Some of fhese models can also be used to study patient safety-related problems. 

For Level-I PRA tools, the most commonly known used by the nuclear industry include CAFTA for FTA, ETA-II for ETA, and fhe HRA calculator for human error analysis. The Idaho National Engineering Laboratory developed for the NRC a software package called the Systems Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluations (SAPHIRE). The features of the SAPHIRE package include FTA, ETA, and imcertainty analysis. 

In addition to the initial evaluation of the credited operator action, a program should be established to ensure that all assumptions about the reliability of the operator response are maintained and improved. This would include, but is not necessarily limited to initial training, refresher training, procedures engineered to decrease the likelihood of human error, important human factors that have been identified. 

In many cases, safe work practices are a necessity to protect employees and can work, but are only as good as the management system that supports the established practices. This is because they are susceptible to human error. As we discussed, controls must be designed into the equipment before it is placed into operation. Employee training and reinforcement (consistent and reasonable) must accompany the equipment installation. Safe work practices must be used in conjunction with, and not as a substitute for, more effective or reliable engineering controls [2]. 

Jacobsson Kecklund, L. and Svenson, O. (1997). Human errors and work performance in a nuelear power plant eontrol room associations with work-related factors and behavioral eoping. Reliability Engineering and Systems Safety, 56, 5—15... 

Some of the above items, such as (e), (f), (g) and (h), may not apply to experimental devices. The design shall also take into account the capabilities for performance of the operating and maintenance personnel. Attention to human factors will ensure that the installation is tolerant of human errors. Among the appropriate elements in minimizing human errors are the systematic application of ergonomic principles to the relevant engineered systems the provision of automatic control, protection and alarm systems the elimination of human actions that jeopardize safety the clear presentation of data and reliable communications (see also para. 2.23). 

Human dependability encompasses the risk of human errors, but also the human capacity to perform well, even beyond expectations, and to anticipate and solve problems. Consequently the project addresses both human error and how it can be avoided, as well as how one can depend on humans to create safety in space operations. Thus, the project also includes theories and perspectives from resilience engineering and High Reliability Organizations (HRO). 

Kirwan, B., Huw Gibson, W. Hickling, B. 2008. Human error data collection as a precursor to the development of a human reliability assessment capability in air traffic management. Reliability Engineering System Safely, 93(2) 217-233. 

Preischl, W. Hellmich, M. 2013. Human error probabilities from operational experience of German nuclear power plants. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 109 150-195. 

Dhillon, B.S., Human Reliability, Error, and Human Factors in Engineering Maintenance With Reference to Aviation and Power Generation, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2009. 

Dhillon, B. S. 2009. Human reliability, error, and human factors in engineering maintenance. Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press. 

Huang. H. RebabUity Evaluation of a Hydraulic Truck Crane Using Field Data with Fuzziness. Microelectronics and Reliability 36, no. 10 (1996) 1531-1536. Huang, H., X. Yuan, and X Yao. Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis of Railway Traffic Safety. Proceedings of the Conference on Tnyfic and Transportation Studies, 2000,107-112. Hudoklin, A., and V. Rozman. Human Errors Versus Stress. Reliability Engineering System Safety 37 (1992) 231-236. 

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