Hormones isolation

The phenomenon of leaf and fruit drop is known as abscission and has been suspected for some time to be under hormonal control. Dr. Addicott s description of the structure and properties of Abscisin II, the abscission hormone isolated from cotton, climaxes over 12 years of his own investigations on the subject and represents perhaps the greatest advance in plant hormone research in the past decade. It also provides an unusual and unsuspected structural model to guide... 

Many people think the ultimate pesticide should be developed from research now being done on certain insect attractants and juvenile hormones. Isolation of naturally occurring sex attractants (pheromones) and juvenile hormones has been accomplished. The attractants could be used to congregate large numbers of insects in one place for extermination by the already existing insecticides. Alternatively, juvenile hormones have been found that prevent maturation or cause sterility in many pests. 

It is a single chain peptide hormone, isolated in pure form and contains tyrosine, tryptophan, cystine, arginine, methionine of approximately 25,000 molecular weight. It has a direct effect upon the breasts immediately after the delivery of baby and in conjunction with other hormones, it stimulates the breast to secrete milk. 

A number of compounds important to animal physiology have been identified as isoprenoid compounds. Notable examples are vitamin A, retinal (Section 28-7), and squalene (Table 30-1). Also, terpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes have been isolated from insects and, like famesol, show hormonal and pheromonal activity. As one example, the juvenile hormone isolated from Cecropia silk moths has the structure shown in 3 ... 

The adrenal hormone (-yadrenaline was the first hormone isolated and the first synthesized. Its structure was proved by the following synthesis ... 

In 1929 oestrone was the first steroid hormone isolated from the urine of pregnant... 

Synthroid is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T-4). Thyroxine was the first thyroid hormone isolated by scientists, who at first mistakenly thought it was the primary thyroid hormone. Later we have come to find however that T-3 is the hormone which displays the most activity. Thyroxine is actually looked at as a relatively inactive thyroid product in its initial state, and exerts most of its action by converting to T-3. 80% of blood T-3 actually comes from... 

The first testicular hormone isolated was androsterone, a metabolite of testosterone. This also was achieved by Butenandt starting with an extract from 15,000 liters of urine supplied by Schering from which he obtained only 15 mg of pure crystals. Four years later, Laquer isolated 10 mg of the primary male sex hormone, testosterone, from 100 kg of steer testis. In all cases on this table the key to isolation was the quantitative bioassay as listed. 

As early as 1934 Wigglesworth showed that the evolutionary differentiation of insects is regulated by a centre in the brain. In 1956 Williams obtained from Cecropia moth a highly active extract which produced anomalies in the metamorphosis of experimental insects. Following this first description of the action of juvenile hormone, Gilbert and Schneiderman (1958), then Williams et al. (1959) described the juvenile hormone action of lipid extracts obtained from different mammalian organs. The pure active substance was isolated first by Schmialek (1961) from feces of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor, and identified as famesol (1), known as an intermediate product in steroid biosynthesis. Six years later, Roeller and co-workers (1967) elucidated the structure of the juvenile hormone isolated from the male of Cecropia. The hormone was ascribed the structure methyl ( , )-3,11-dimethyl-10,ll-epoxy-7-ethyl-2,6-tridecadienoate (2), and was called C,g-JH. Independent of these workers, Meyer et al. (1968) isolated also from Cecropia another juvenile hormone, ( , )-10,11-epoxy farnesenate (3), called C,g-JH. 

Human growth hormone has also been produced in E. coli and is used to treat children with growth hormone deficiencies. Before production of recombinant growth hormone, growth hormone isolated from cadaver pituitary tissue was used, which was in short supply. 

T. K. Hayes, L. L. Keeley, and D. K. Knight, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 140, 674 (1986). Insect Hypertrehalosemic Hormone Isolation and Primary Structure from Blaberus discoidalis Cockroaches. 

Secondary sex hormone isolated frbi urine. Leaflets or prismatic needljsi EtOH or Me CO. M.p. 178° (184-5 Sol, prae. all org. solvents. Very H2O, [ot] 1 94 6° in EtOH, -f 1C 3 MeOH. Produces male sex characteri immature animals. Physiologically doses of 150-200 y on ButenaMt (cap< i test and 60 y on Tschopp (seminal vei... 

Plant CTOwth hormone. Isolated from human urine and yeast. Hexagonal cr3rst. from EtOH-ligroin. M.p. 196°. Mcxl sol. MeOfl, EtOH, AcOEt Spar sol. Et20, H O Insol. pet. ether, CjH [a - 3-19° in EtOH, Rea y decomp by alkalis... 

Plant growth hormone Isolated from various grain oils and from urine Cryst. from EtOH-Ugroin M.p. 183° [a] — 2-8°. 

Male sex hormone. Isolated from male urine. Dimorphous cryst. forms from CgHg-pet. ether, (i) M.p. 140-1° corr. (ii) M.p. 152-3° con. Mixed m.p. 146-8° con Spar. sol. CClg. pet. 

Polypeptide with 53 amino acid residues and 3 disulfide bridges. Hormone isol. from submaxillary gland of mice. Inhibits gastric acid secretion. Fluffy powder, [a] -105.9 (c, 0.2 in 2N AcOH). 

Juvebione, paper factor a monocyclic sesquiterpene ester from the wood of the North American balsam fir (Abies balsamea). (-h)-J. is an oil, M, 266, [a] +79.5° (c = 3.5, CHCI3). J. was the first juvenile hormone isolated from a plant, and its structure was the first elucidated. It is specific for Pyrrhocoris apterus and only the dextrorotatory form is biologically active. The search for J. began when it was observed that filter paper made from the wood of the balsam fir contained a factor which produced developmental anomalies in the larvae of Pyrrhocoris. In addition to... 

Known human prion diseases are Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Schienker syndrome (GSS) and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). GSS and FFI are inherited, whereas CJD may be inherited, sporadic or infectious. Another infectious form of CJD (iatrogenic CJD) arises from inadequately sterilized surgical instruments, dura mater grafts, and from human growth hormone isolated from cadavers. Kuru is a classical example of an infectious human prion disease transmitted by the ritual cannibalism of human brains, this disease was formerly common in the Fore tribe of New Guinea. 

Sirenin (Machlis et al., 1966) is the chemotactic (i.e., causing movement along a chemical concentration gradient) sexual hormone isolated from a water mold (Allomyces) and which is produced by female gametes (ovum) and that serves to attract male gametes (sperm cells). A representation for the possible formation of sirenin is provided in Scheme 11.55. 

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