Horizontal cooperation

All these factors led to a new interest in cooperation in research. One bit of evidence for this change was that the Carter administration s Domestic Policy Review on Industrial Iimovation conducted from 1978 through 1980 recommended that the federal government support generic applied research for industry and that the antitrust laws be modified to facilitate horizontal cooperation in R D among competing firms. 

Thus, by the end of this era around 1993, cooperation had become widely accepted as important, but the dominant model remained horizontal cooperation on R D on shared problems with common... 

One could be a horizontal cooperation between the operator and an expert tool whose ouq>uts are directly connected to the process. The principle is to make a dynamical repartition of the tasks using a task repartitor. The latter can be controlled either by the operator or by an optimal command algorithm, this according to a performance criterion of the man-expert tool-process system, and under the constraints imposed by the human limits. 

Horizontal cooperation among small and medium-sized supermarkets as a tool for strengthening competitivenes... 

The horizontal cooperation that was initiated in the 1990s allowed small and medium supermarket stores to secure large purchases to achieve higher volumes, discounts, and improved purchasing... 

To improve theoretical knowledge of horizontal cooperation, a bibhographic and secondary data research was conducted. The researchers used journals, books, and key retail institutions for secondary data research. It is important to note that even considering the importance of the theme studied, we noticed that there are few references in the international academic literature about supermarket buying groups, or rather, the business networks. We found a large number of material that focuses on networks between firms, especially vertical cooperation, as well as in the retail field, such as concentration of the sector. However, we found Httle material that focuses on the interrelation between both themes. 

Horizontal cooperation among supermarkets as a tool for strertgthenlng competittvenes... 

Figure 12-40E. Barrel type compressor section, horizontal mounting. (Used by permission Cooper-Cameron Corporation.)...

Figure 14-33. Gas engine driven parallel compression cylinders in process gas plant service. Note that the front side of gas engines are on the right with high-pressure compressor cylinders extending horizontally left. Also note the suction side pulsation drums on top of compressor cylinders, mid-way. (Used by permission Cooper-Cameron Corporation, Reciprocating Products Division.)...

Figure 5.28 Cooperative increases in binding energy (—AE ) for successive extensions of the linear formamide chain (5.63). (The horizontal dashed line marks the reference dimer value.)...

Hypothesis (9) It is frequently only a small step from a net to a felt. Cooperation is a eonstitutive element of the ability to be innovative (beyond the enterprise). Horizontal co-operation between a few actors at one stage of the supply chain, however, may also be used to constitute blockade cartels, which are detrimental to innovation. 

Except for very simple systems, initial rate experiments of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are typically run in which the initial velocity is measured at a number of substrate concentrations while keeping all of the other components of the reaction mixture constant. The set of experiments is run again a number of times (typically, at least five) in which the concentration of one of those other components of the reaction mixture has been changed. When the initial rate data is plotted in a linear format (for example, in a double-reciprocal plot, 1/v vx. 1/[S]), a series of lines are obtained, each associated with a different concentration of the other component (for example, another substrate in a multisubstrate reaction, one of the products, an inhibitor or other effector, etc.). The slopes of each of these lines are replotted as a function of the concentration of the other component (e.g., slope vx. [other substrate] in a multisubstrate reaction slope vx. 1/[inhibitor] in an inhibition study etc.). Similar replots may be made with the vertical intercepts of the primary plots. The new slopes, vertical intercepts, and horizontal intercepts of these replots can provide estimates of the kinetic parameters for the system under study. In addition, linearity (or lack of) is a good check on whether the experimental protocols have valid steady-state conditions. Nonlinearity in replot data can often indicate cooperative events, slow binding steps, multiple binding, etc. 

Fig. I. Schematic representation of the graphical solution of Eq. (4). The horizontal lines indicate various values of Ks0. The dot at the intersection is the desired solution, x = 1 is a not allowed solution for finite Ksq, i.e x must be less than unity. (Cooperative Equilibria in Physical Chemistry. Oxford Clarendon 1978)...

Vertical asymmetry Of all the possible orientations, then, graphic displays ordinarily only use the vertical and horizontal. What s more, they use these orientations differently. Vertical arrays take precedence over horizontal ones. Just as for the choice of dimensions, the precedence of the vertical is also rooted in perception (Clark, 1973 Cooper and Ross, 1975 Lakoff and Johnson, 1980 Franklin and Tversky, 1990). Gravity is correlated with vertical, and people are oriented vertically. The vertical axis of the world has a natural asymmetry, the ground and the sky, whereas the horizontal axis of the world does not. The dominance of the vertical over the horizontal is reflected in the dominance of columns over rows. Similarly, bar charts typically contain vertical columns (the exceptions seem to be aimed at conforming to accompanying text). 

The ChemLeg program, in turn, focused on closer cooperation between policy makers, industry experts and national federations to facilitate the implementation of these standards. The main indicators of achievement were the enlargement of CEFIC with new full and associate CEFIC members representing nine of the ten Central and Eastern Europe states that subsequently joined the European Union the creation of an influential regional network of chemical industry and active involvement in European advocacy on the part of federations from Central and Eastern Europe (Doktor 2002). The political dynamics of trans-European industry mobilisation, organisation at the domestic and European level, and alliances with supranational and domestic policy elites and experts developed in full swing and in support of the horizontal diffusion of EU chemical safety policies and norms. 

In cooperation with the Hamburg company C.R. Eckehnann, a pilot plant fluid-bed reactor (TWS 2) for a 1.5-2.5 t/day throughput of scrap tires has been built at the University of Hamburg (Figure 17.5). Its particular construction shows horizontal, fluidizing-gas inlet... 

Fig. 3. Time versus depth for the ions and electrons in Fig. 2 taken from Cooper et al The time on the vertical axis is that time it takes for each molecule to receive, on the average, a dose of 100 eV. This is a significant dose for which each molecule has likely been dissociated and it allows easy use of a G-value (probability of a molecular change per 100 eV deposited). The horizontal axis gives the depth scaled by density.

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