Dominant models

Second, because the underlying model for predicting risk may follow dominant, recessive, additive, or other models, and no prior knowledge about the actual mode of action of potential prediction factors is available, a log-additive model that is fitted with the number of minor alleles as predictors through unconditional logistic regression may be used. The log-additive model can detect effects from both recessive and dominant models, and also any other models in between. 

The problem and the required solution will dictate the experimental and modeling approach adopted. Many trade-offs driven by the need to balance economical operation against public/personnel safety must be made. When cost is the predominant driving force, engineering expediency leading to short-term solutions based only on qualitative assurances often dominate. Models for plant behavior must be based on accurate and realistic data to avoid unnecessary and costly shutdowns due to overly conservative predictions. Often, in this context, accurately measured but empirical data may be more valuable than a fundamen-... 

Finally, the dominant model of human behaviour (or human error) by Rasmussen will be presented which in Chapters 5 and 8 will form the basis of a classification scheme for operator errors. 

This argument goes by the name transition state stabilization and remains the dominant model in the enzymatic community today Amyes and Richard recently reviewed a selection of enzymes whose behaviors are well understood within this Pauling paradigm. 

Thus, by the end of this era around 1993, cooperation had become widely accepted as important, but the dominant model remained horizontal cooperation on R D on shared problems with common... 

Implementation models include the hierarchical model, network model, and relational model. Each model has advantages and disadvantages that made it popular in its day. The relational model is easily understood and has gained widespread acceptance and use. It is currently the dominant model... 

Johnson s interstitial electron model has not been used by others, the dominant model for metallic bonding being the band model. Recently the interstitial view was revived because new ab initio calculations (calculated approximations without... 

The sceptical revolution can only be understood as part of a broader reaction in the social sciences as a whole against the dominant models, images and methodology of positivism. It is obviously beyond my scope to deal here with this connection. For an account of the peculiar shape positivism took in the study of crime and deviance and of the possibilities of transcending its paradoxes, the work of David Matza is invaluable Delinquency and Drift (New York Wiley, 1964) and Becoming Deviant (Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1969). 

Finally, we recall the discussion of phase diagrams in Section 7.3.4. In the bond-orientational order model of Trebin et al. [45], [46], only limited success was achieved by modeling BPIII as the cubic phase with bond-orientational order. Also, in the same authors fluctuation-dominated model [47], a strong indication of BPIII was impossible to achieve. 

This chapter first outlines the miasma theory of disease, the influence model of harm and our current model of pollution, focusing on each model s internal architecture and physical form its agency, or mechanism of harm and its geography, or the spatial relations within bodies and the spaces outside of them. It then compares the two models with the phenomenon of plastic body burdens. Each model generates modes and points of intervention, and I argue that the miasma theory provides better representations, and thereby more appropriate interventions for mitigating the effects of bodily plastic pollution, than current dominant models and solutions. 

Induced Fit Model A model for how enzymes interact with substrates to achieve catalysis. According to this model, the empty active site of the enzyme only roughly fits the substrate(s), and the entry of substrate causes the enzyme to change its shape so as to both tighten the fit and causes the substrate to adopt an intermediate state that resembles the transition state of the uncatalyzed reaction. This is currently the dominant model for enzymatic catalysis. 

Overall, women executives seem to be less confident in the capacity of nature or of the human genius. This may explain that they believe less than men that the human destiny is to master nature and they fear more the possibility of a technological disaster. One explanation may be advanced. Women who work as executives are better educated than other women. They may have a more critical eye over the relationships between humans and nature and take more distance from the dominant model valued by males. These results lead us to believe that the acquisition of a higher social and cultural status allows women to situate themselves in terms of environmental attitudes outside the dominant male model. This explanation is consistent with many studies on the importance of work in the emancipation of women. 

First- or second-order models with relatively small time delays (0/t << 1) are referred to as lag-dominant models. The IMC and DS methods provide satisfactory set-point responses, but very slow disturbance responses, because the value of t/ is very large. Fortunately, this problem can be solved in two different ways. 

Approximate the lag-dominant model by an integrator-plus-time-delay model (Chien and Fruehauf, 1990). As indicated in Section 7.2.3, the integrator-plus-time-delay model in Eq. 12-33 provides an accurate approximation to the FOPTD model in Eq. 12-10 for the initial portion of the step response ... 

Limit the value of t/. For lag-dominant models, the standard IMC controllers for first- and second-order models provide sluggish disturbance responses because t/ is very large. For example, controller G in Table 12.1 has t/ = t where t is very large. As a remedy, Skogestad (2003) has proposed limiting the value of t/I... 

For example, cobalt-ammine-chloride compounds of formulae Co(NH3)xCl3 were known for x = 3,4,5 and 6, all of different colors. Cobalt was considered to be trivalent, which was taken to mean that it could only bond to three entities how could that be made compatible with the known compositions Before Werner, the dominant model was that of J0rgensen, who had proposed the chain structures shown in Fig. 2.3. These did correctly capture some of the known chemical... 

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