History of Discovery

Since 1948, it has been known that the vasodUatory effect of the snake venom from the Brazilian lancehead snake is connected to bradykinin. Important contributions towards clarifying the mode of action of the toxic principle are due to the research of the Brazilian pharmacologist Sergio Henrique Ferreira. One of 

9 BPPsg was the first peptide to be isoiated from the venom of the Brazilian lance-head snake. Its pharmacophore and that of a more stable analogue are highlighted in red. Teprotide is a further optimised nonapeptide with blood pressure lowering properties. 

While Ferreira continued to focus on bradykinin. Sir John R. Vane (1927-2004) and Yeshwant S. Bakhle recognised that the snake venom also had an effect on the renin-angiotensin system. Miguel Ondetti (1930-2004) and David Cushman (1939-2000) at Squibb (now Bristol-Myers-Squibb) isolated and characterised six other ACE-inhibitory peptides, among them teprotide (IC50 250 nM). [7, 8] 

In the same year, there appeared a paper by Larry D. Byers and Richard V Wolfenden, in which they described that (L)-benzylsuccinic acid is an inhibitor ofthe digestive enzyme carboxypeptidase A, which splits off phenylalanine from the C-terminal end of proteins. [10] Of particular related importance was, that a few years earlier, William Lipscomb had elucidated the structure of this enzyme by X-ray analysis. It was thus possible to buUd a spatial model showing the interaction between the enzyme and its substrate. Cushman and Ondetti developed the idea that in the active site of the enzyme there was a pocket housing the phenylalanine residue, and that the succinyl residue was complexed by zinc. (L)-Benzylsuccinic acid binds in a similar mode and thereby inhibits carboxypeptidase A (Fig. 5.10). 

Q Later it was discovered that the venom of various scorpions, like Tityus serrula-tus and Buthus occitanus, as well as spiders, like the Southern or Mediterranean Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus), also contains hradykinin-potentiating peptides. [3] 

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Table XI. History of Discovery of Common Lactic Acid Bacteria (16)...

The radioactive element is a silvery, shiny, soft metal that is chemically similar to calcium and barium. It is found in tiny amounts in uranium ores. Its radioactivity is a million times stronger that that of uranium. Famous history of discovery (in a shed). Initially used in cancer therapy. Fatal side effects. Small amounts are used in luminous dyes. Radium was of utmost importance for research into the atom. Today its reputation is rather shaky as its decay gives rise to the unpleasant radon (see earlier). In nuclear reactors, tiny amounts of actinium are formed from radium. 

Subsequently, a second, closely related molecule—lovastatin—was discovered by scientists at Merck in the United States in another fungal fermentation broth and by Sankyo in Japan. Lovastatin, marketed as Mevacor in the United States, proved both safe and efficacious for the intended nse and was the first statin to be approved for human use. Several others, some mentioned above, followed. The history of discovery and development of HMGR inhibitors has been pnUed together by Jonathan Tobert, who led the lovastatin and simvastatin clinical development effort at Merck. ... 

Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and its corresponding polymers poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB) have long been known and their histories of discovery and development are as closely linked as their chemistries, which are characterised by an all-carbon polymer backbone and by 1,3-diol structures or their... 

This handbook is an encyclopedic treatment of chemical elements and their most important compounds intended for professionals and students in many areas of chemistry throughout the manufacturing, academic, and consulting communities. Chemicals are presented in alphabetical order in a descriptive format highlighting pertinent information on physical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of chemicals, methods of preparation, industrial applications, chemical analyses, and toxic and hazardous properties. Synonyms, CAS Registry Numbers, brief history of discovery and natural occurrence are provided for many entries. The objective is to provide readers a single source for instant information about important aspects each substance. In this sense it should serve as a combination handbook and encyclopedia. 

WebElements The Periodic Table on the Web. Available online. URL http //www.webelements.com/. Accessed May 28, 2009. Comprehensive coverage of the elements on this site includes basic information, history of discovery, uses for the element, its common compounds, and much other chemical information. 

History of Discovery, Classification and Chemistry of Nano-Objects... 

History of Discovery. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now called wolframite and reported a hitherto unknown substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tung sten (circa 1758 nomenclature for scheelite). Scheele and Bergman suggested the possibility of obtng a new metal by redn of this acid. The deElhuyar brothers found an acid in... 

PLANT HORMONES A HISTORY OF DISCOVERY AND SCIENTIFIC FASHION... 

The history of discovery of this relationship is an interesting story, one well told in a review by Cameron (1989). To students trained in the context of medical physiology, a pH value of 7.4, the pH value of blood at normal human body temperature, 37°C, is—or at least was in the past—presented as the normal pH value. In fact, a pH of 7.4 is a normal pH value for blood only near 37°C at lower temperatures, a pHB of 7.4 is acidic relative to the true physiological pH at that temperature (figure 7.16). In retrospect, this fact should have been obvious from an understanding of protein biochemistry. However, it took several decades for the tem-perature-pH relationship to be fully accepted and even longer for it to be understood mechanistically in terms of protein chemistry. 

Figure 19 displays another representative of substituted phenols, namely p-nitrophenol, whose history of discovery was mentioned in Section I. A knowledge of its structure and IR spectrum is important for the study of inter- and intra-molecular interactions via a variety of spectroscopic methods. 

Y. Masui. 2001. From oocyte maturation to the in vitro cell cycle the history of discoveries of Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) and Cytostatic Factor (CSF). Differentiation 69 1-17. 

Cephalosporines, their significance, and history of discovery 01MI112. 

The history of discovery of seafloor hydro-thermal systems has been reviewed by Rona (1988) and Rona and Scott (1993). After the initial discovery of hot metalliferous brines in the Red Sea (Miller et al. 1966), low-temperature venting and associated biological communities were located at the Galapagos hot springs (Corliss et al. 

Laszlo, Pierre, and Gary J. Schrobilgen. One or Several Pioneers The Discovery of Noble-Gas Compocmds. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 27 (1988) 479-89. This is a discussion of the history of discovery of xenon and other noble gas compounds. 

Handbook of Mintaalogy (2001) Eudialyte, Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 Harris C, Cressey G, Bell ID, Atkins FB, Beswetherick S (1982) An occtrrrence of rare-earth-rich eudialyte from Ascension Island, South Atlantic. Mintnal Mag 46 421-425 Hewett DF (1954) History of discovery at Mountain Pass, California. In Rare-earth mineral deposits of the Mountain Pass District San Bernardino, County, California. USGS Prof paper 261 iii-vi... 

A. S. Sonin, 100 Years - The History of Discovery and Research on Liquid Crystals (russ.) (Ed. B. K. Vainshtein), Nauka Publishers, Moscow, Russia, 1988. 

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