Historical Look

Before getting into these areas, a brief historical perspechve is instructive. Joint ownership of generating plants is not new. For many years, utilities have pooled their capital, built fossil and nuclear generating plants, and appointed one utility the owner-operator. This worked well when all owners shared in the benefits, costs, and risks in proportion to their plant ownership. 

To date, it has not yet been formed, and whether it will be is questionable. In a third case, four upper Midwest utilities have been discussing JNOC arrangements for over a year, but implementation success has been slow. In each of these instances, significant resources were expended in terms of personnel costs living, travel, and meeting expenses and so forth. Combined 

In view of the above, we will define the term JNOC before presenting the reasons for these difficulties. 

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Associated Press. Thomas Midgley Awarded Highest Chemical Honor. Columbus Dispatch. (April 8, 1941) Courtesy of the Columbus Metropolitan Library. Kendall Beaton. Enterprise in Oil A History of Shell in the United States. New York Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1957. Source for TEL in World War II. Mohinder S. Bhatti. Historical Look at Chlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants. ASHRAE Transactions. 105, Part 1 (Jan. 23-27, 1999) 1186-1206. Source for Midgley... 

The requirements contained in both of these codes tend to represent a lower level of passive hre protection than in other buildings (especially for NFPA 914), because of the interest in preserving the historic look. ... 

Irwin, John S., and Air Resources Laboratory (U.S.). A Historical Look at the Development of Regulatory Air Quality Models for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. NOAA technical memorandum OAR ARL, no. 244. Silver Spring, Md. U.S. Dept, of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Laboratories, Air Resources Laboratory, 2002. 

Gutteridge, J. M. C. and Halliwell, B. Free radicals and antioxidants in the year 2000 a historical look to the future. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 899 136-147 2000. 

A brief historical look at skiing, ski textiles and equipment... 

This chapter is organized to first provide a historical look at the role of lead hematotoxicity in recorded classical clinical Pb poisoning. This section is followed by those dealing with the major components of Pb hematotoxicity. 

All these observations tend to favour the Verlet algoritlnn in one fonn or another, and we look closely at this in the following sections. For historical reasons only, we mention the more general class of predictor-corrector methods which have been optimized for classical mechanics simulations, [40, 4T] further details are available elsewhere [7, 42, 43]. 

Historically, physical evidence has taken on increasing importance in criminal matters. Court decisions have consistentiy looked askance at a defendant s admissions of guilt and even question eyewitness testimony. Physical evidence has traditionally been viewed as impartial and unbiased, and not subject to the problems associated with confessions made by an accused or the testimony of witnesses. 

There are several widely used approaches for developing perspective about the significance of absolute risk estimates (Figure 16). The first approach is to compare the risk estimates to historical experience within your company, looking for similar events. Most companies have safety and loss recordkeeping programs that date back many years. But if directly related data are sparse, you may widen your comparison to extrapolate from near-miss incidents that could have caused the event of interest. You will not, however, frequently find solace from the company data—or even comparable industry data. 

We talked. We talked about cocktails. We talked about drinking.The lady next to me was from New Orleans, which from her description, and fairly historical hearsay, is a good place to drink. I mentioned this, to be polite. I got the first of several well-manicured, light taps on the sleeve as camaraderie developed, and a surprised look. Genuine surprise, on the spur of the moment, is something that society ladies are extremely good at—without equal in fact. 

The kumquat, a fruit which looks like a Mini Me orange, is native to China, and historically, a bit of a connoisseur s pet—grown in pots as an ornament—because it s, well, kind of cute. 

If we glance back over the various branches of application of thermodynamics to chemical problems detailed in the preceding sections of this book, looking more especially at the historical sequence, we shall find that the physical chemists have, until recently, focussed their attention on the theory of dilute solutions. This preference is due to the great stimulus given by the... 

DeBoer, G. E. (2000). Scientific literacy Another look at its historical and contemporary meanings and its relationship to science education reform. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37(6), 582-601. 

The immense growth in the luminescence literature during the period between these two reviews had little to do with developments in fundamental theory. It was mainly due to the availability of new instrumentation, such as the photomultiplier (around 1950), the laser (around 1960), transistor and microcircuit electronics (around 1970), and ready access to laboratory computers (around 1975). All aspects of luminescence theory now being used to interpret luminescence measurements have been known since the early 1900 s and nearly all of the types of measurements now being made had been initiated with cruder techniques by 1930. We discuss here many of the latest techniques in luminescence analysis with selected highlights from the historical development of luminescence and a look at several recent developments in luminescence applications that appear likely to be important to future research. 

A key factor in determining an ROI on the basis of increased efficiencies is to be able to apply metrics to the existing processes commonly this requires measurement of the process before the implementation of a new system and then a corresponding measurement of the process after implementation. In the case of ELN systems, this information can also be supplemented through the use of the ELN database itself, for example, by looking at the number of completed experiments created per scientist per week. These data can then be compared with an historical analysis of data from paper notebook archives on scientific productivity by similar groups. 

The chemical industry has a strong tendency to think from factory gate to factory gate. Their historic focus on environmental issues has been in minimising waste and emissions from their own operations. Many chemical companies are weak at looking at what is going on upstream of their factory or downstream. Thinking about the entire life cycle of a product allows many new opportunities for improved performance to be identified. 

We also found that in the field of materials science education, both education and work force needed considerable reorientation. For historical reasons (listed in the study) synthesis processing had been neglected at university and Government laboratories. We also looked at the debate about the role of a principal investigator versus large facilities, such as the synchrotron radiation laboratories. We concluded that materials science needs all of these different modes of research, and no particular approach is more decisively effective than another. 

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