Historical Background and Overview

The aim of this chapter is simply to take a quick look inside the computer, identify the main components, give a little historical background, and discover how everything works together. We ll cover each of the topics again in more detail in later chapters in this book, but our first chapter will serve as a useful overview. You ll be introduced to the following components ... 

What is presented is a brief overview of these issues, not a comprehensive discussion of the historical background and methodologies of the traditional... 

Despite this much-discussed theoretical background, the number of concrete studies comparing historical ideas and students conceptions is fairly low in chemistiy education. Furthermore, most studies cited deal with isolated topics. Systematic overviews concerning basic ideas like micro-macro thinking, chemical reaction, the particulate nature of matter, energy conversions etc. are mostly not available, except for van Driel et al. (1998) and the case of the chemical equilibrium. 

Overview Historical background is included here, including the drug s origin, development, and introduction to society. The current impact of the drug is discussed. 

The first section contains overview and introductory material, some historical background, summaries of the present state of knowledge, and other general topics applicable to all fossil fuel These include environmental consequences of fossil fuel combustion, polysulfide chemistry, microbial metabolism of sulfur compounds, and a review of methods for isolating sulfur compounds from petroleum. 

By now, nearly every chemist has had some introduction to the subject of supercritical extraction in one form or another, and it would seem that after scores of papers, newsreleases, and trade journal articles, only so much can be said about the background and early findings, the thermodynamic interactions between dissolved solutes and high pressure gases, the equations of state that can correlate and predict solubility behavior, the many applications of the technology (some of which are in flavors), the full scale coffee and hops extraction plants now in operation, etc. What, then, can a paper entitled "Supercritical Fluids - Overview and Specific Examples in Flavors Applications" give that s new -hopefully, a different development of the historical perspective... 

In this chapter, a selective overview of technological and historical background is followed by a general discussion of the microscopic details of the transport phenomenon and experimental techniques. Key results of earlier studies on carbon-based systems are presented and then compared with corresponding data on poly(methylphenylsilylene) (PMPS), which has been taken as the prototype for studies of transport system in polymers with silicon backbones. Key points are then summarized. Those wishing to omit the extensive background section may proceed directly to the section on electronic transport in polysilylenes (page 492). 

Chapter 11 presents an overview of the agrochemical industry. Beginning with the introduction and historical background, it leads to the modern trends in agriculture, chemical pest control, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and biological pest control agents. Social and economic aspects of pesticides use are also discussed. 

Inspired by the contribution of the carbene-like resonance structure, the homopolymerization of isocyanide giving rise to the formation of poly(iso-cyanide) has attracted much attention [3, 4]. On storage, or distillation, isocyanides that lack bulky AT-substituents tend to form solid materials, which had been supposed to be poly(isocyanide)s. However, this polymerization , (or resinification), largely depended upon the nature of the glass surface of the apparatus used for storage or distillation and, therefore, was poorly reproducible. Moreover, no structural information was provided for these materials, making the evaluation of the polymerization systems difficult. The historical background has already been overviewed by Millich in two reviews published in 1972 and 1980 [3, 4]. 

This volume is devoted to a complete and up-to-date treatment of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). In this introductory chapter, we cover the historical background of the technique, the basic principles of SECM, and an overview of some of its applications (covered in more depth in later chapters). A number of reviews of this field have also been published G-6). 

This chapter will present an overview of these studies to introduce the reader to the main argument and provide the historical background to the papers presented in this book it is not aimed at providing a radically different perspective. 

Some results of previous studies on perfluoroalkylated isoquinolines were recently summarized by Petrov [7]. This chapter focuses on the syntheses, properties, and applications of ring-fluorinated isoquinolines (limited to compounds that retain the aromatic isoquinoline scaffold), starting from the historical background of earlier studies. Additionally, an overview of the syntheses of pyridine-ring-trifluoromethylated derivatives is also given. 

This chapter presents an overview of the different aspects of catalysis as a science, and aims to provide a general background to the reader. In order to understand catalysis as it is today, it is important to have a sense of its historic origin, and of developments in related fields such as thermodynamics, kinetics, and chemical engineering. Although catalysis as a chemical reactivity phenomenon was well known in the nineteenth century, the field developed mainly in the twentieth century. 

THIS article is an overview of time and frequency technology. It introduces basic time and frequency concepts and describes the devices that produce time and frequency signals and information. It explains how these devices work and how they are measured. Section I introduces the basic concepts of time and frequency and provides some historical background. Section II discusses time and frequency measurements and the specifications used to state the measurement results. Section III discusses time and frequency standards. These devices are grouped into two categories quartz and atomic oscillators. Section IV discusses time and frequency transfer, or the process of using a clock or frequency standard to measure or set a device at another location. 

In a first part, we present a brief overview of the historical background of MTO, and then we describe the mechanisms existing in the Uterature. In a second phase, we will try to be critical of those results, understand the formation and the maximization of ethylene and propylene selectivities, as well as refine the existing concepts. 

---