Historic Overview

The field of crystal packing simulations developed in parallel with advances made in modern computational hardware. Pioneering work was done by 

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Vedam K 1998 Spectroscopic ellipsometry a historical overview Thin Solid Films 313/314 1-9... 

Schenk, G. Historical Overview of Fluorescence Analysis to 1980, Spectroscopy 1997,12, 47-56. 

Isbell, W.M. (1987), Historical Overview of Hypervelocity Impact Diagnostic Technology, Internat. J. Impact Engrg., 5, pp. 389-410. 

A variety of methods for finding reaction paths in simple chemical systems have been proposed. Good review articles summarizing those methods can be found [8,15,16]. An excellent historical overview of these methods is provided by Anderson [17]. Here we focus our discussion on those methods that have had the widest application to large-scale biomolecular systems and that hold the greatest promise for further development. 

A discussion of the motivation behind doing sputtered neutral analysis versus SIMS, plus a description of the first prototype SALI instrument. A well written introduction for someone without previous surface analysis experience it also includes an historical overview of the various post-ionization techniques. 

In an excellent historical overview of these stages and the intellectual and practical problems which had to be overcome, Mulvey (1995) remarks that the first production microscopes pursued exactly the same electron-optical design as Ruska s first experimental microscope. The stages of subsequent improvement are outlined by Mulvey, to whom the reader is referred for further details. 

The role of the Bell Labs metallurgists in the creation of the early transistors was clearly set out in a historical overview by the then director of the Materials Research Laboratory at Bell Labs, Scaflf (1970). 

According to an early historical overview (Jones 1960), the numerous attempts to understand the sintering process in both ceramics and metals fall into three periods (1) speculative, before 1937 (2) simple, 1937-1948 (3) complex, 1948 onwards. The complex experiments and theories began just at the time when metallurgy underwent its broad-based quantitative revolution (see Chapter 5). 

Cahn, R.W. (2000) Historical overview, in Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity (NATO ASI) eds. Saada, G. et al. (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht) p. 1. 

The developmental histories of artificial life and cellular automata have been intertwined ever since von Neumann hrst showed how to construct a self-reproducing automaton ([voiiN66] see section 11.7). A brief historical overview of artificial life appears in chapter 11. 

Aitken A (2006) 14-3-3 Proteins a historic overview. Semin Cancer Biol 16 162-172... 

Diheterolevulosans, 209-211, 240 Dihexulose dianhydrides, 207 -266, see also Caramels Di-D-fructose dianhydrides 13C NMR spectra, 245-246 conformation, electronic control, 224-228 conformational rigidity, energetic outcomes, 228 hexulopyranose rings, 226 historical overview, 210-213 H NMR spectra, 248 -249 intramolecular hydrogen-bonds, 227 isomerization, 231 -232 1,2-linked, ero-anomeric effect, 224-225 listing, 240-241 nomenclature, 208-210 optical rotations and melting points, 242-243 protonic activation... 

Trumper, R. (2003). The physics laboratory A historical overview and future perspectives. Science... 

Brief Historical Overview of P-Chirogenic Phosphine Ligands... 

An ELN may be viewed as an enterprise software application that enables scientists to record chemical and biological data and to search and share their work with their colleagues, who can be on the other side of the globe. This simplistic definition is not sufficient to portray what real-world ELN applications do and how they have improved the productivity of scientists, engineers, and innovators. Therefore, a historical overview is useful to help understand the broader usefulness of ELN applications. 

A. Historical Overview of Triatomic Rare Gas-Dihalogen Interactions... 

Schwerdtfeger, P. and Thierfelder, C. (2006) Relativistic Quantum Chemistry -A Historical Overview, in Trends and Perspectives in Modem Computational Science, Vol. 6 Lecture Series on Computer and Computational Sciences (eds G. Maroulis and T. Simos), Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 453-460. 

Hydrodynamic Techniques for Investigating Reaction Kinetics at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces Historical Overview and Recent Developments... 

In this chapter, we describe some of the more widely used and successful kinetic techniques involving controlled hydrodynamics. We briefly discuss the nature of mass transport associated with each method, and assess the attributes and drawbacks. While the application of hydrodynamic methods to liquid liquid interfaces has largely involved the study of spontaneous processes, several of these methods can be used to investigate electrochemical processes at polarized ITIES we consider these applications when appropriate. We aim to provide an historical overview of the field, but since some of the older techniques have been reviewed extensively [2,3,13], we emphasize the most recent developments and applications. 

During the Golden Age of Islam (7th through the 17th century) Muslim philosophers and poets, artists and scientists, princes and laborers created a unique culture that has influenced societies on every continent. Here documentary writer Howard Turner offers a fully illustrated, highly accessible introduction to the scientific achievements of medieval Islam. Howard Turner opens with a historical overview of the spread of Islamic civilization from the Arabian peninsula eastward to India and westward across northern... 

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