Background, generally

Metallurgical Background. Generally, the obliterated numbers dealt with in the crime laboratory have been produced by stamping, i.e., striking the item with a die with a force sufficient to deform the metal so as to leave behind an impression of the tip of the die. 

Left Offenses with left wing extremist background", generally referred to as "other offenses"... 

Introduction Brief Historical Background,General Intentions and Method... 

It is often better to do the normalisation on an elastic scattering resonance (section 4.6), where the decay to the ground state can occur through only one partial wave. This method was first introduced by Gibson and Dolder (1969). Interference with the nonresonant background generally introduces some complications (see Williams and Willis, 1975). The modifications required in the analysis due to spin are discussed fully by Andrick and Bitsch (1975). 

Alternatively, the background of the spectrum can be used as reference, since it reflects any variation of electronic noise or change in experimental conditions. The background generally depends on the sample absorption, and therefore on the salt content. This can be nevertheless be accounted for in the concentration calibration. The background intensity Jbg, can be... 

A series of peaks are observed on a background generally increasing with the binding energy increase (or kinetic energy decrease), as reported in Fig. 4.22. 

The method used here is based on a general application of the maximum-likelihood principle. A rigorous discussion is given by Bard (1974) on nonlinear-parameter estimation based on the maximum-likelihood principle. The most important feature of this method is that it attempts properly to account for all measurement errors. A discussion of the background of this method and details of its implementation are given by Anderson et al. (1978). 

The detection limits in the table correspond generally to the concentration of an element required to give a net signal equal to three times the standard deviation of the noise (background) in accordance with lUPAC recommendations. Detection limits can be confusing when steady-state techniques such as flame atomic emission or absorption, and plasma atomic emission or fluorescence, which... 

The detection limits in the table correspond generally to the concentration of analyte required to give a net signal equal to three times the standard deviation of the background in accordance with lUPAC recommendations. 

Ion-exchange columns can be substituted into the general HPLC instrument shown in Eigure 12.26. The most common detector measures the conductivity of the mobile phase as it elutes from the column. The high concentration of electrolyte in the mobile phase is a problem, however, because the mobile-phase ions dominate the conductivity, for example, if a dilute solution of HCl is used as the mobile phase, the presence of large concentrations of H3O+ and Ck produces a background conductivity that may prevent the detection of analytes eluting from the column. 

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