Hilar

A 39-year-old male with chronic steroid-dependent asthma who recently relocated to Phoenix, Arizona presents with a 4-week history of increasing fever, dry cough, and pain upon deep inspiration. He also reports arthralgias and night sweats over the last 3 weeks. A chest radiograph reveals a small area of consolidation in the left lower lobe and some hilar adenopathy. Otherwise, all other routine tests and cultures appear negative. 

Illy With or without involvement of splenic, hilar, celiac, or portal nodes. 

Most patients with HL present with a painless, rubbery lymph node. Adenopathy is usually localized to the cervical region but can also occur in the mediastinal, hilar, and retroperitoneal regions. 

Nezara antennata males produce similar volatile compounds, including Z-a-bisabolene, trans-Z-BAE, czs-Z-BAE, and E-nerolidol, as do males of four Acrosternum species [17,72]. In three of these species (A. aseadum, A. hilare, and A. marginatum), the transxis ratio strongly favors cz s-BAE, whereas in A. pennsylvanicum, the ratio is about equal. For all species except A. hilare, the absolute configurations of the compounds and their biological roles remain unknown. 

The pheromone chemistry of A. hilare has been studied in detail, using both laboratory (vertical Y-tube) and field bioassays [75]. In Y-tube bioassays, mature females were attracted by male odors, but males were not attractive to other males, and females were not attractive to either sex. Males produced (-)-cis-Z-BAE and (-)-frazzs-Z-BAE in a -19 1 ratio, and other compounds in the extracts were not active. The 19 1 blend was more attractive to females than other ratios, and the individual components were not attractive, indicating that both compounds were required. Females were attracted to the synthetic blend in field cage trials [75],but as with most other phytophagous pentatomids,few bugs were caught in pheromone-baited traps (J.G. Millar and H.M. McBrien, unpublished data). 

Extract of odors collected from sexually mature males of the green stink bug, Acrostemum hilare Ssy (Hemiptera Pentatomidae), showed one major sex-specific component, (45)- r-(Z )-bisabolene epoxide [(45)-cis-2 -BAE]. The crude extract was attractive to females, but when separated into four fractions, only the portion containing (45)-c -2 -BAE and the minor component AS)-trans-Z- AE was attractive to females. The fraction was as attractive as the crude extract suggesting that the former contained all the components. Neither the cis- nor the trans- BAE alone was attractive to females, but a 95 5 cis-.trans blend, mimicking the ratio naturally produced by males was attractive to females in Y-tube bioassays. " ... 

Exposures to relatively low concentrations of silica for a prolonged period may be capable of causing hilar node fibrosis, impairing the clearance of any silica inhaled subsequently. In one case, 30 years of exposure to <0.1mg/m led to hilar node fibrosis and calcification in an exposed stonemason subsequent exposure for 5 years to about 2 mg/m led to rapid, progressive silicosis that proved fatal. Estimates of exposure tallied with postmortem measurement of lung burden, suggesting retention of all dust deposited in the lungs over his final period of work. ... 

Seaton A, Cherrie JW Quartz exposures and severe silicosis A role for the hilar nodes. Occup Environ Med 55(6) 383-6, 1998... 

Regional node(s) cannot be assessed No regional lymph node metastasis Metastasis in the cystic ducts, pericholedochal lymph nodes, and/or hilar lymph nodes (i.e., in the hepatoduodenal ligament) Metastasis in the peripancreatic (head only), periduodenal, periportal, celiac, superior mesenteric, and/or posterior pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes... 

Chest X-rays may reveal extensive interstitial infiltration, a mild peri-hilar haze or may be normal. Whenever practicable, attempts should be made to identify the organism using induced sputum or broncho-alveolar washings. 

Pulmonary eosinophilic syndrome, characterized by extreme hypoxemia, eosinophilia, interstitial pneumonitis, hilar lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusions, can be severe and can occur with as little as 7 to 9 days of therapy with the tetracyclines. In severe cases steroid therapy is required, but the outcome following drug discontinuation is nearly always good. 

The higher enjoyments of life could not exist without the use of salt. So necessary is this substance to mankind that even the pleasures of the mind can be expressed by no better term than the word salt—a name given to all effusion of wit. All the amenities of life—supreme hilarity and relaxation from toil—cannot bo characterized better than the salt of life. Even in the very honours bestowed upon successful warfare, salt plays its part, and from it our word solarium, is derived. 

Although several animal studies have found histological alterations in the lymphoreticular system, in particular granulomas in the hilar lymph nodes, these effects are secondary to the pulmonary effects (Steinhagen et al. 1978 Thomson et al. 1986) and resulted from the removal of aluminum from the lungs by alveolar macrophages. 

Granulomatous lesions have been observed in the hilar and peribronchial lymph nodes of animals exposed to aluminum powder (Thomson et al. 1986) or aluminum chlorhydrate (Steinhagen et al. 1978). Oral studies in mice found that developmental exposure to aluminum impaired the immune system in... 

Scharfman, H. E., Goodman, J. H., and Sollas, A. L. (2000). Granule-like neurons at the hilar/CA3 border after status epilepticus and their synchrony with area CA3 pyramidal cells Functional implications of seizure-induced neurogenesis. J. Neurosci. 20, 6144-6158. 

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