Highlights of Carbon Chemistry

In contrast to its organic compounds, carbon s inorganic compounds are simple. Metal carbonates in marble, limestone, chalk, and coral occur in enormous deposits throughout the world. Carbonates are used in some antacids because they react with the HCl in stomach acid  

Identical net ionic reactions with sulfuric and nitric acids protect lakes bounded by limestone from the harmful effects of acid rain. 

Monocarbon halides (or halomethanes) are tetrahedral molecules. The short, strong bonds in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs, or Freons) make their long-term persistence in the upper atmosphere a major environmental problem (Chapter 16). 

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Highlights of Carbon Chemistry Highlights of Silicon Chemistry... 

How Ending Changes in the Carbon Family s Compounds Highlights of Carbon Chemistry Highlights of Silicon Chemistry... 

A special highlight of this chemistry is the possibility to construct compounds with two adjacent - C-labeled carbon atoms [17], which are of great interest for the investigation of biological systems by means of H NMR spectroscopic methods. For this purpose, the starting complexes (i.e. 36) are prepared from C-labelled chromium hexacarbonyl (Scheme 11). 

The discovery of fullerenes in 1985 led to the era of nanomaterials.1 The three-dimensional geometry of these molecules as well as their unique properties distinguishes them from conventional molecules encountered in organic chemistry. Due to recent discoveries in this field, the horizons of this area have broadened to encompass various new molecules such as endohedral fullerenes, nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, and carbon nano-onions. This chapter discusses the electrochemical behavior of some of these carbon nanoparticles with special emphasis on endohedral fullerenes. Since a large number of fullerene derivatives have been prepared and their various electrochemical studies in different solvents and electrolytes have been reported, the electrochemistry of these derivatives is beyond the scope of this text.2 3 Among the other carbon nanoparticles, the electrochemistry of derivatives of carbon nanotubes has been reported. These studies have been highlighted in the final part of the chapter. 

Scale is a rock-hard crust that can form in pipes and pots that are used with hard water. Before the general availability of household water softeners, scale was a much more common experience. Insoluble scale forms from calcium ions when carbonate ion is present. This fact highlights, once more, the versatility of carbonates. We have seen carbon dioxide form carbonates and hence carbonic acid in water we have used sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) as a base and finally we have pointed out that carbonates can make fairly insoluble solids. These many talents of the carbonate ion make baking soda good for more than cooking. Baking soda makes an excellent deodorizer because it can react with both acidic and basic smelly compounds and can form nonvolatile, and hence non-smelly, compounds with many more. A lot of chemistry in a little box ... 

The brief review of the vast literature on the phenomenological aspects of adsorption of aromatic solutes has highlighted studies that provide clues, either explicitly or implicitly, to the optimization of carbon surface chemistry for removal of specific pollutants from aqueous streams. Here we make an attempt to synthesize the available information. In Section V we then offer suggestions regarding a comprehensive model of adsorption of organic (and inorganic) solutes. 

No carbonyl chemistry of scandium and yttrium has been reported yet and there is also no cyanide chemistry of these two elements although thiocyanato complexes of scandium [Sc(NCS)6]3 (bonded through nitrogen) are known. The important developments involving scandium or yttrium with carbon have involved the fullerene derivatives of these elements. There have been some scandium carbide systems prepared but these will be highlighted in the chemistry of the halides. 

Recent advances in free radical chemistry have extended the versatility and flexibility of carbon-carbon bond formation in water or aqueous media. This chapter has highlighted the substantial progress that has been made in the last decade to tame the reactive free radical species in aqueous phase reactions. The simplicity of water, its abundance and its wide availability will undoubtedly lead to the development of novel and exciting methodologies. The development of environmentally benign applications based on radical carbon-carbon bond formations is just around the corner. 

Isocyanides have attracted much attention in synthetic organic chemistry, and have led to the development of a variety of useful synthetic transformations [1]. In particular, carbon-carbon bond forming reactions using isocyanides as key reagents have been extensively studied during the past 50 years, as they allow the realization of useful multi-component assembly reactions, such as the Ugi and Passerini reactions [2]. These have once again been highlighted in recent years with the development of combinatorial chemistry. The characteristic reactions of isocyanides are mostly ascribed to the unique reactivity of the isocyano carbon atom, which can be represented by a divalent, carbene-like electronic structure (Scheme 1). In this respect,... 

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