Halides monocarbon

Monocarbon halides (or halomethanes) are tetrahedral molecules. The short, strong bonds in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs, or Freons) make their long-term persistence in the upper atmosphere a major environmental problem (Chapter 16). 

Carbon.— The use of isotopes in studies of the mechanisms of reactions of carbon dioxide or carbonates has been reviewed. Measurements using and give a rate constant of 1141 mol s" for the exchange reaction between carbon dioxide and carbonate ion at 25 °C the same techniques have been applied to the bovine carbonic anhydrase-catalysed exchange between carbon dioxide, its related species, and water.The decomposition rates of the alkyl monocarbonates in aqueous alkali and the effect of polyelectrolytes on the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea have been reported. The application of calculations originally used for 5 b2 processes to the classical Sn2 halide ion-alkyl halide exchange reaction accounts quantitatively for the relative reactivities in terms of steric effects alone it is not necessary to invoke polar effects. Some further evidence for ion-pair intermediates in Sn2 substitutions has been obtained. ... 

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