High performance liquid principles

E.D. Katz (Ed.), High Performance Liquid Chromatography Principles and Methods in Biotechnology, J. Wiley Sons, Chichester, 1996. ISBN 0471934445. 

W.J. Lough and I.W. Wainer (Eds), High Performance Liquid Chromatography Fundamental Principles and Practice, Blackie Academic and Professional, London, 1996. ISBN 0751400769. 

The principle was demonstrated using triazine herbicides as templates and by varying the type of functional monomer and the monomer composition. With a final batch size of ca. 40 mg of monomer, the consumption of monomers and template is significantly reduced and the synthesis and evaluation can take place in standard high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) autosample vials. After synthesis. 

To understand the principles of operation of each of these interfaces, in particular with regard to the way in which they achieve compatibility between high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 

Residue analytical methods for neonicotinoids in crops, soil and water samples have been developed. The basic principle of these methods consists of the following steps extraction of the crop and/or soil samples with acetone or the other organic solvent, cleanup by liquid-liquid partition or column chromatography, and quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV). Simple column cleanup procedures are used to improve the accuracy and sensitivity of these methods. 

A bottle of fizzy drink going flat is a fairly trivial example of partition, but the principle is vital to processes such as reactions in two-phase media or the operation of a high-performance liquid chromatography column. 

The two basic questions in high-performance liquid chromatography focus on (a) how particular compounds can be separated, and (b) why particular compounds were separated by the liquid chromatographic method used. The answers can be obtained by the consideration of some simple representative chromatograms of the separation of well-known compounds. Such separations can be easily understood according to common principles of physics and chemistry. 

Nogueira, R., Lubda, D., Leitner, A., Bicker, W, Maier, N.M., Lammerhofer, M., and Lindner, W, Silica-based monohthic columns with mixed-mode reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange selectivity principle for high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Sep. ScL, 29, 966, 2006. 

In this chapter, high-performance liquid chromatography of oligomers and (high) polymers (polymer HPLC) will be briefly presented. As mentioned in Section 16.1, there exist several monographs, chapter in books, and review papers on this subject, for example [1-33], Most of them contain numerous examples of the HPLC separation and molecular characterization of particular macromolecular substances. Therefore, this chapter discusses almost exclusively the general principles of polymer HPLC and only few selected examples of practical applications will be mentioned for illustration. 

High-performance liquid chromatography of synthetic polymers is a set of very useful experimental procedures allowing separation and molecular characterization of many kinds of macromolecules. All particular members of this group of methods and their mutual combinations necessitate further research. Even the oldest and likely the simplest method of polymer HPLC, namely SEC, which is often erroneously considered a mature procedure, deserves further intensive development. It is hoped that the basic information presented in this chapter will help understand not only the principles but also the challenges of polymer HPLC. 

Mikes O (1988) High-performance liquid chromatography of biopolymers and biooligomers. Part A principles, materials and techniques Part B Separation of individual compoimd classes. J Chromat Library. Elsevier, Amsterdam, vol. 41A and vol. 41B Oliver RWA (ed.) (1989) HPLC of macromolecules a practical approach. IRL Press, Oxford... 

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of bioactive principles in Zingiberis rhizoma by means of high performance liquid chromatography and gas liquid chromatography on the evaluation of Zingiberis rhizoma and chemical change of constituents. Yakugaku Zasshi 1993 113(4) 307-315. 

TH Tsai, CF Chen. Determination of three active principles in licorice extract by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 452(2) 521-525, 1991. 

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) rely on the same separation principles as the traditional chromatography columns, but tend to be much faster because of high flow rates that are possible due to the uniform bead size and the mechanical strength of the beads. See also Chapter 4, section 1.2.2. 

Park J-W, Cundy KC, Ames BN (1989) Detection of DNA adducts by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Carcinogenesis 10 827-832 Patterson LK (1987) Instrumentation for measurement of transient behavior in radiation chemistry. In Farhataziz, Rodgers MAJ (eds) Radiation chemistry. Principles and applications. Verlag Che-mie, Weinheim, pp 65-96... 

The principle methods used for the determination of triazine-type herbicides are gas chromatography (Table 4.6) and high-performance liquid chromatography (Table 4.7). Other methods that have been used include isota-choelectrophoresis [369], ELISA [370-375], spectrophotometry [376,377] and thin-layer chromatography [378] (Table 4.8). 

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