High-performance liquid chromatography polymers

Hishiya, T. Asanuma, H. Komiyama, M. (2003). Molecularly imprinted cyclodextrin polymers as stationary phases of high performance liquid chromatography. Polymer Journal, 35, 440-445. 

Lee HC, Chang T. Polymer molecular weight characterization by temperature gradient high performance liquid chromatography. Polymer 1996 37 5747. 

Commercial grades of PVP, K-15, K-30, K-90, and K-120 and the quaternized copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and dimthylaminoethylmethacrylate (poly-VP/ DMAEMA) made by International Specialty Products (ISP) were used in this study. PEO standard calibration kits were purchased from Polymer Laboratories Ltd. (PL), American Polymer Standards Corporation (APSC), Polymer Standards Service (PSS), and Tosoh Corporation (TSK). In addition, two narrow NIST standards, 1923 and 1924, were used to evaluate commercial PEO standards. Deionized, filtered water, and high-performance liquid chromatography grade methanol purchased from Aldrich or Fischer Scientific were used in this study. Lithium nitrate (LiN03) from Aldrich was the salt added to the mobile phases to control for polyelectrolyte effects. 

Hjerten, S Liao, JL Zhang, R, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography on Continuous Polymer Beds, Journal of Chromatography 473, 273, 1989. 

Svec, F Frechet, JMJ, Continuous Rods of Macroporous Polymer as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Separation Media, Analytical Chemistry 64, 820, 1992. 

Hanson, M., Kurganov, A., Unger, K. K., and Davankov, V. A., Polymer-coated reversed-phase packings in high-performance liquid chromatography, /. Chromatogr. A, 656, 369, 1993. 

Kutsuna, H., Ohtsu, Y., and Yamaguchi, M., Synthesis and characterization of highly stable polymer-coated aminosilica packing material for high-performance liquid chromatography, ]. Chromatogr., 635, 187, 1993. 

Analytical identification of monoazo colorants and the other decomposition products requires effective (analytical) methods of concentration, which is made possible by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Prior to HPLC analysis, the pigmented medium was extracted for 20 hours with toluene in a soxhlet extractor. These analytical methods also showed that above 240°C, especially after prolonged exposure of the pigmented polymer material to heat, dichlorobenzidine (DCB) is also formed. 

Chowdhury, M.A.J., Ihara, H., Sagawa, T., and Hirayama, C., Retention versatility of silica-supported comb-shaped crystalline and non-crystalline phases in high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 877, 71, 2000. Chowdhury, M.A., Ihara, H., Sagawa, T., and Hirayama, C., Retention behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on comb-shaped polymer immobilized-silica in RPLC, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. TechnoL, 23, 2289, 2000. 

Shundo, A., Nakashima, R., Fukui, M., Takafuji, M., Nagaoka, S., and Ihara, H., Enhancement of molecular-shape selectivity in high-performance liquid chromatography through multi-anchoring of comb-shaped polymer on silica, J. Chromatogr. A, 1119, 115,2006. 

Lochmiiller, C.H., Jiang, C., Liu, Q., and Antonucci, V., High-performance liquid chromatography of polymers retention mechanisms and recent advances, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 26, 29, 1996. 

Kato T, Liu JK, Yamamoto K, Osborne PG, Niwa O. 1996. Detection of basal acetylcholine release in the microdialysis of rat frontal cortex by high- performance liquid chromatography using a horseradish peroxidase-osmium redox polymer electrode with pre-enzyme reactor. J Chromatogr B 682 162-166. 

Hjerten, S., Liao, J. L., and Zhang, R. (1989). High performance liquid chromatography on continuous polymer beds. /. Chromatogr. 473, 211>-T79. 

Svec, R, and Frechet, J. M. J. (1992). Continuous rods of macroporous polymer as high performance liquid chromatography separation media. Anal. Chem. 64, 820-822. 

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques are widely used for separation of phenolic compounds. Both reverse- and normal-phase HPLC methods have been used to separate and quantify PAs but have enjoyed only limited success. In reverse-phase HPLC, PAs smaller than trimers are well separated, while higher oligomers and polymers are co-eluted as a broad unresolved peak [8,13,37]. For our reverse-phase analyses, HPLC separation was achieved using a reverse phase. Cl8, 5 (Jtm 4.6 X 250 mm column (J. T. Baker, http //www.mallbaker.com/). Samples were eluted with a water/acetonitrile gradient, 95 5 to 30 70 in 65 min, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The water was adjusted with acetic acid to a final concentration of 0.1%. All mass spectra were acquired using a Bruker Esquire LC-MS equipped with an electrospray ionization source in the positive mode. 

In this chapter, high-performance liquid chromatography of oligomers and (high) polymers (polymer HPLC) will be briefly presented. As mentioned in Section 16.1, there exist several monographs, chapter in books, and review papers on this subject, for example [1-33], Most of them contain numerous examples of the HPLC separation and molecular characterization of particular macromolecular substances. Therefore, this chapter discusses almost exclusively the general principles of polymer HPLC and only few selected examples of practical applications will be mentioned for illustration. 

High-performance liquid chromatography of synthetic polymers is a set of very useful experimental procedures allowing separation and molecular characterization of many kinds of macromolecules. All particular members of this group of methods and their mutual combinations necessitate further research. Even the oldest and likely the simplest method of polymer HPLC, namely SEC, which is often erroneously considered a mature procedure, deserves further intensive development. It is hoped that the basic information presented in this chapter will help understand not only the principles but also the challenges of polymer HPLC. 

---