High-nitrogen formulation

Tab. 4.15 Computed (EXPL05) gun propellant parameters for a single, double and triple base propellant in comparison with a new high-nitrogen formulation (isochoric conditions).

Mixed with additives, urea is used in soHd fertilizers of various formulations, eg, urea—ammonium phosphate (UAP), urea—ammonium sulfate (UAS), and urea—phosphate (urea + phosphoric acid). Concentrated solutions of urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) solutions (80—85 wt%) have a high nitrogen content but low crystallization point, suitable for easy transportation, pipeline distribution, and direct spray appHcation. 

High-protein formulations have a nonprotein calorie-nitrogen ratio of less than 125 1. Candidates for these formulations require more than 1.5 g of protein/kg/day and are generally critically ill because of trauma, burns, pressure sores, surgical wounds, or high fistula output. 

High Nitrogen Content-High Energy Materials for Pyrotechnic Formulations... 

Since environmentally compatible pyrotechnics should not contain perchlorates or heavy metals in the first instance, new red and green formulations are being developed which contain Cu instead of Ba and which contain other oxidizers (e.g. nitrate or dinitramide, Fig. 2.17) instead of perchlorates. The high nitrogen content also guarantees a significant reduction of the smoke and particulate matter released and consequently results in a considerably higher color brilliance. 

High nitrogen compotmds with perfluoroalkyl-suhstituents have heen shown to he superior oxidizers in Mg-based pyrolants [16-18]. Most recently, Schaller demonstrated the appHcabihty of fluorinated ionic liquids as possible oxidizers in Mg-based flare formulations [19]. Shreeve has synthesized ionic liquids with pentafluorosulfanyl moieties [20, 21] that are interesting oxidizers for liquid metal/fluorocarbon formulations. 

The production processes for both ammonium nitrate and urea yield their products first in the form of saturated solutions. Typical ammonium nitrate solution concentration is 75 to 85 percent (26-30% N) at 105 to 170°F, and typical urea solution concentration is about 75 percent (34% N) at 200" F. To produce the solid forms of these products, the solutions first must be concentrated extremely low water contents (1-2% at 350-285°F) and then fed to prilling or granulation equipment. The resultant solid products (Fig. 11.4) are highly acceptable to farmers as high-nitrogen fertilizers and to bulk blenders as nitrogen sources in the formulation of dry-blend mixed fertilizers, as... 

The future for amino resins and plastics seems secure because they can provide quaHties that are not easily obtained in other ways. New developments will probably be in the areas of more highly specialized materials for treating textiles, paper, etc, and for use with other resins in the formulation of surface coatings, where a small amount of an amino resin can significantly increase the value of a more basic material. Additionally, since amino resins contain a large proportion of nitrogen, a widely abundant element, they may be in a better position to compete with other plastics as raw materials based on carbon compounds become more costly. 

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