Higgs effect

It is a very interesting coincidence that exactly at that temperature scale one expects the transformation of all elementary particles from massless quanta into the massive objects observed in today s experiments. The creation of the mass is due to the so-called Higgs effect. This consists of the condensation of an elementary scalar field (a close relativistic analogue of the Cooper-pairing in superconductivity). If this transformation had proceeded via a sufficiently strong first-order phase transition, the third of Sakharov s criteria had been also fulfilled by the behavior of the known elementary interactions in the very early Universe. 

Superconductivity provides an illustration of the Higgs mechanism. It is the property of materials that show no electrical resistance, usually at low temperatures. Such materials are capable to carry persistent currents. These currents effectively screen out magnetic flux, which is therefore zero in a superconductor (the Meisner effect). Another way of describing the Meisner effect is to say that the photons are effectively massive, as in the Higgs phenomenon. These conclusions can be shown to follow from the Lagrangian (46). In this instance it is sufficient to consider a static situation, i.e. d4 = 0, etc, leading to the Lagrangian... 

Because of the spontaneously broken U 1) x 0(3) symmetry in Eq. (3), for A / 0 there should be collective Nambu-Goldstone excitations in the spectrum. However, due to the Lorentz non-invariance of the system there can be subtleties [19, 28-30], The NG spectrum can be analyzed within an underlying effective Higgs potential... 

The second Higgs field acts in such a way that if the vacuum expectation value is zero, ( ) = 0, then the symmetry breaking mechanism effectively collapses to the Higgs mechanism of the standard SU(2) x U(l) electroweak theory. The result is a vector electromagnetic gauge theory 0(3)/> and a broken chiral SU(2) weak interaction theory. The mass of the vector boson sector is in the A(3) boson plus the W and Z° particles. 

The prediction of a heavy boson has received preliminary empirical support [92,96] from an anomaly in Z decay widths that points toward the existence of Z bosons with a mass of 812 GeV 1 33j [92,96] within the SO(l) grand unified field model, and a Higgs mechanism of 145 GeV4gj3. This suggests that a new massive neutral boson has been detected. Analysis of the hadronic peak cross sections obtained at LEP [96] implies a small amount of missing invisible width in Z decays. The effective number of massless neutrinos is 2.985 0.008, which is below the prediction of 3 by the standard model of electroweak interactions. The weak charge Qw in atomic parity violation can be interpreted as a measurement of the S parameter. This indicates a new Qw = 72.06 0.44, which is found to be above the standard model pre-... 

V. Schrodinger Equation with a Higgs Mechanism Effect on the Wave Functions... 

In contemporary thought, the Higgs mechanism has acted in such a way as to produce a field component Bi with mass, specifically, a scalar field with mass that is gauge-invariant. Therefore, spontaneous symmetry breaking of the vacuum introduces fields with effective mass. 

The effect of the Higgs mechanism can be seen most clearly by minimizing the Lagrangian (251) with respect to A ... 

V. SCHRODINGER EQUATION WITH A HIGGS MECHANISM EFFECT ON THE WAVE FUNCTIONS... 

Terano T, Salmon JA, Higgs GA, and Moncada S. (1986) Eicosapentaenoic acid as a modulator of inflammation Effect on prostaglandin and leukotriene synftiesis. Biocheia Pharm. 33,779-783. 

Wall effects in capillary flow of suspensions such as apple sauce occur as a result of velocity gradient near the wall that in turn causes the suspended particles to move away from the wall region. The net result is slip of the fluid at the wall (23., 24.) The correct shear rate can be calculated from flow rates corrected for slip. The procedure, due to Mooney (42.), requires the use of several capillaries of different different length to diameter ratios has been applied to food suspensions by Higgs (38) and Kokini and Plutchok (22.) to show that slip effects are significant. These results also suggest caution in using... 

Thomson, J., Higgs, N.C., Hydes, D.J., Wilson, T.R.S. and Sorensen, J., 1987. Geochemical oxidation fronts in NE Atlantic distal turbidites and their effects in the... 

Second, the systemic effects that would result from an infusion of such a long-acting NO donor would be most undesirable. NO performs many bioregulatory functions throughout the body (Moncada and Higgs, 1993), and modulating them indiscriminately all at the same time could have dangerous consequences. It would be helpful to have an NO source that can be localized at the point where it is needed. 

Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J., and Higgs, A. C. (1993), Relations between Work Group Characteristics and Effectiveness Implications for Designing Effective Work Groups, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 46, pp. 823-850. 

Higgs, G., Eakins, K., Moncada, S. and Vane, J. (1980). The effects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on leukocyte migration in carrageenin-induced inflammation. Eur. J. Pharmacol, 68, 81-86... 

White willow has been hypothesized to increase the risk of bleeding in persons on anticoagulant medication. Human studies, however, have indicated that the antiplatelet effect of white willow is mild compared to that of aspirin (Higgs et al. 1987 Krivoy et al. 2001 Meier and Liebi 1990). 

Administration of salicylate (200 mg/kg) or aspirin (200 mg/ kg) to rats demonstrated that salicylate had a much weaker effect than aspirin on thromboxane B2 production in blood clotting, indicating that salicylate is not an effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation (Higgs et al. 1987). 

The relation (4.2.17) follows directly from the Lagrangian, and is therefore true in lowest order perturbation theory. It could get altered in higher order perturbation theory, especially as a consequence of renormalization effects. As regards the Higgs scalar H which survives and becomes massive, it will as usual have a mass (3.2.10)... 

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