Hide glues

Fell, n. skin, hide, pelt (Rubber) sheet, -ab-falle, m.pl. skin (or hide) parings or cuttings, -eisen,n. knapsack valise mailbag, -leim, m. hide glue, -schmitzer, m. dyer of skins. -spMne, m.pl. hide parings. 

In its unrefined form, gelatin is the hide glue used to hold violins together. 

The head of a safety match consists of K chlorate 45-55, animal (hide) glue (as a binder) 9-11, sulfur or rosin 3-5, extender (starch, dextrin) 2-3, neutralizer (ZnO.or Ca carbonate) 45-55, infusorial earth 5-6 other siliceous filler 15-32%. Fractional percentages of a soluble burning rate catalyst, such as K di-chromate, also soluble dye stuffs, etc... 

Lint from clothes dryers (papier-mache pulp can also be used) kitchen blender transparent or masking tape animal hide glue embroidery hoops thinly woven fabric trays slightly larger than embroidery hoop NaCIO (5% sodium hypochlorite solution bleach) 250 ml beaker red and blue litmus paper watercolor paint prepared in Activity 2.5 commercial watercolor paint paintbrushes mixing trays water containers centigram balance hot plate watch glass. 

Rabbit skin glue, animal or hide glue 3.2 Razor blades 9.2 Ring mandrel 6.2 Rods 4.4... 

Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy applied to Byzantine manuscripts in the Special Collections Department of the University of Chicago Library revealed the use of numerous additives to the paint mixture including kaolin, hide glue, egg yolk, and other proteinaceous materials. Some evidence suggests that cochineal was used as a red pigment. 

A different binding medium was identified in MS 965 (Rockefel-ler-McCormick New Testament), however. Figure 5 shows the spectrum obtained from a sample of the manuscript s sizing material. Although the spectrum is clearly not that of egg yolk, it has the features of a predominantly protein component. The protein-containing binders used in that period are presumed to include casein, egg white, and hide glue (25). The spectrum closely matches that of hide glue (26). 

The spectrum obtained from a magenta sample removed from the binding of the same manuscript indicates a protein substance and additional unidentified component(s). The additional component(s) hinder identification of the protein. Although the protein present could be hide glue, it could also originate from pigments extracted from insect sources. 

Figure 5. Spectrum obtained from the sizing material of MS 965 that was identified as hide glue (300 scans).

Glue.—Hide-glue is usually concentrated from 2 to 15 per cent solids, and bone glue from 3 to 20 per cent in a horizontal-tube or rapid-circulation type double or triple effect evaporator. The capacity is from 2 to 2 gal. per square foot with a steam pressure of 5 lb. and a vacuum of 27 in. Evaporators are built of cast iron with copper or brass tubes. 

Materials used as consolidants may be classified as either natural or synthetic in origin. Natural consolidants include water-soluble glues such as hide glues, solutions of natural resins such as shellac, molten waxes such as beeswax, and drying oils such as linseed oil (2). These natural materials have their advantages and limitations, and are still used as consolidants, but will not be discussed further here. 

Animal-Hide Glues, This category includes hot and liquid animal-hide glues, as well as other water-soluble animal gelatins (e.g., fish and rabbit-skin glues). 

Candidates in the water-based group include the hot and liquid animal-hide glues, poly (vinyl acetate) emulsions (including the more reversible kids glue ) and other water-soluble natural or synthetic polymers (e.g., starches, natural gums, cellulose esters and ethers, soluble nylon). 

Basic manufacturing procedures for animal glues generally involve alkaline pretreatment (for hide glues) or acidic pretreatment (for bone glues). The raw materials for hide glues... 

Hide glues from hide trim and splits are prepared by initial washing with water. The stock is then soaked in lime (calcium hydroxide) and water for a period of weeks, which dissolves and removes extraneous protein-related materials, as well as conditioning the collagen for subsequent glue extraction by hydrolysis. The conditioned collagen is then washed with water, followed by addulation with dilute acid such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, or sulfurous, for pH adjustment, followed by a final water rinse. 

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