Hertz technology

The main parameter which characterizes a calorimeter is the resolution, whereas in astronomical bolometers the qualifying parameter is the NEP (noise equivalent power, see later). Also the size is very different bolometers are usually very smaller. Their more sophisticated technology allows the realization of large arrays of detectors. In operation, bolometers usually handle a chopped signal (tens of Hertz) of much smaller energy than calorimeters. 

Becker, D., Christensen, R., Currie, L., Diamondstone, B., Eberhardt, K. R., Gills, T., Hertz, H., Klouda, G., Moody, J., Parris, R., Schaffer, R., Steel, E., Taylor, J., Watters, R. and Zeisler, R., Use of NIST Standard Reference Materials for Decisions on Performance of Analytical Chemical Methods and Laboratories, NIST Special Publication 829, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 1992. 

Hertz-Picciotto I, Hu SW (1995) Contribution of cadmium in cigarettes to lung cancer An evaluation of risk assessment methodologies. Lung Cancer 12 116-116 Hickman JC (2000) Tetrachloroethylene. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Available at http //www.mrw.interscience.wrley.com/emrw/9780471238966/kirk/article/ tetrhick.aO 1 /current/pdf... 

The Hertz method [4] resembles the Sweet technology [4], since it also uses a continuous ink jet, the drops of which are charged by control electrodes. However, it uses charge intensity modulation instead of deflection and is especially suited for high resolution color printing. 

As originally observed by Hertz and later explained by Einstein, electron emission occurs when photons with energy greater than a material s work function irradiate it. The application of this phenomenon led to the development of photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), which is one of the principal methods used to understand chemical and electronic properties of materials. Over the last 40 years advances in technology have also made it possible to determine the spin of the electron and advances in this area have been summarized in several books and reviews [24-28]. A detailed discussion of spin-resolved PES is beyond the scope of this review. The following presents the rudimentary concepts and some illustrative examples. 

A familiar device in modem technology is the photocell or electric eye, which mns a variety of useful gadgets, including automatic door openers. The principle involved in these devices is the photoelectric effect, which was first observed by Heinrich Hertz in the same laboratory in which he discovered electromagnetic waves. Visible or ultraviolet radiation impinging on clean metal surfaces can cause electrons to be ejected from the metal. Such an effect is not, in itself, inconsistent with classical theory since electromagnetic waves are known to carry energy and momentum. But the detailed behavior as a function of radiation frequency and intensity cannot be explained classically. 

When tested in the four-ball machine, solutions of sulfur in petroleum oils of moderate viscosity or in white oil raise the critical load for the onset of severe, destructive wear, which is designated as "antiseizure" action in the technological idiom of the four-ball test. Davey [54] found a significant increase in the critical initial seizure load from 834 N (85 kg) for a petroleum base oil to 1275 N (130 kg) for elemental sulfur dissolved in the oil. Sakurai and Sato [55] observed a 3.2-fold increase in the load-wear index (mean Hertz load) for a 0.5 weight-percent solution of elemental sulfur relative to that of the uncompounded white oil. The load-wear index is a specialized result of the four-ball test that can be taken as indicative of the average antiseizure behavior of the lubricant. Mould, Silver and Syrett [56] reported a load-wear index ratio of 3.08 for 0.48% sulfur in white oil relative to that of the solvent oil, and also an increase in the initial seizure load from 441 N to 637 N (45 kg to 65 kg) and in the 2.5-second seizure-delay load from 490 N to 833 N (50 kg to 90 kg). 

Even though air-to-fuel control has dramatically improved since these first devices (McCabe and Kisenyi 1995), significant oscillation and deviations from the ideal stoichiometric A/F may occur in driving conditions even with current car technology. This suggests that the general findings reported by Hertz and Shinouskis (1985) should still be taken into account. 

WMund M., Giinther C., Lemor R., Jager M., Fuhr G, and Hertz H.M., Ultrasonic standing wave manipulation technology integrated into a dielectrophoretic chip. Lab on a Chip, 6, 1537, 2006. 

Hertz E. 1990. Developing quality indicators for a clinical engineering department. In Plant, Technology and Safety Management Series Measuring Quality in PTSM. Chicago, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. 

Later (after Maxwell s death at an early age) his conclusion was confirmed experimentally by Heinrich Hertz, who showed that a spark from two charged spheres sets up an electromagnetic wave that can trigger a spark in similar charged spheres a distance away (which eventually became the basis for radio technology). But then Hertz took his experiment one step further. He showed that the spark came easier when ultraviolet light was shining on the spheres. He did not have an explanation for this observation at the time, but we soon will have. 

Hertz, J.L. and Tuller, H.L. (2009) Mkrofabricated Power Generation Devices Design and Technology (eds A. Mitsos and E.I. Barton), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p. 45. 

Medical ultrasonography (Inge Edler and Carl H. Hertz) Edler and Hertz adapt an ultrasound probe used in materials testing in a shipyard for use on a patient. Their technology makes possible echograms of the heart and brain. 

---