Herbicides cyanazine

Depending on the duration of heating yellow-green to dark green chromatogram zones were produced on a weakly colored background. The detection limits of the triazine herbicides cyanazine (h/Jf 25-30), simazine (h/Jf 30-35), atrazine (h/Jf 40-45), terbutylazine (h/Jf 45-50) and anilazine (h/Jf 60-65) were 20 ng substance per chromatogram zone. 

Beynon, K.I., Stoydin, G, and Wright, A.N. A comparison of the breakdown of the triazine herbicides cyanazine, atrazine, and simazine in soil and in maize, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol, 2 153-161,1972. 

Beynon, K.I., G. Stoydin, and A.N. Wright (1972b). The breakdown of the triazine herbicide cyanazine in soils and maize. Pestic. Sci., 3 293-305. 

Bogdanffy, M.S., J.C. O Connor, J.F. Hansen, V. Gaddamidi, C.S. Van Pelt, and J.C. Cook (2000). Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity bioassay in rats with the chloro-.v-triazinc herbicide cyanazine. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 60 567-586. 

As shown in Figure 30.6, the triazine herbicides cyanazine and prometryn have been used extensively in the Mississippi River Delta. Approximately 68% of cotton was treated with cyanazine prior to its 2002 phaseout and 40% with prometryn (Coupe et al., 1998). CAM, a major degradation product of cyanazine, occurred with the parent compound at about one-half the concentration of the parent compound, and its concentration increased relative to... 

Benitez F. J., Degradation by ozone UV radiation of the herbicide cyanazine . Ozone Science Engineering, vol 16, 212-234. (1994)... 

Related to atrazine are the herbicides cyanazine (Shell), prometryn (Ciba Geigy) and prometon (Ciba Geigy),... 

This example illustrates the difficulty of showing pesticides mutagenic activity. For example, mutagenic activity was clearly expressed not in the sym-triazine herbicides atrazine and cyanazine, but in their transformation products formed in corn husks ... 

British and United States (No. 3505325) patents were issued for cyanazine on October 30, 1968 and April 7, 1970, respectively. Cyanazine was announced to United States weed scientists in 1967 (Hughes et al., 1967) and to European weed scientists in 1968 (Chapman et al., 1968). Degussa and several other companies later evaluated thousands of compounds, many of them triazines, but few possessed the necessary herbicidal activity and other properties needed for commercialization. 

Schieferstein, R.H. (1999). Information on cyanazine is provided from unpublished documents. Previously Director of Herbicide Research for Shell Agricultural Division for United States. Now retired in Modesto, CA. 

The triazine herbicides can be divided into four different structural classes chlorotriazines, methylthiotriazines, methoxytriazines, and atypical or asymmetrical triazines. The chlorotriazine group includes atrazine, simazine, pro-pazine, terbuthylazine, and cyanazine. The methylthiotriazine group includes ametryn, prometryn, and terbutryn. The methoxytriazine group will include prometon and secbumeton. Hexazinone and metribuzin were chosen to represent the atypical triazine group. The plant metabolism of the most researched member of each triazine group will be discussed in detail to cover all major biological and chemical transformations reported in the literature. 

Tierney and Talbert (1995) found that the best treatments for control of both ALS-resistant and susceptible common cocklebur were triazine herbicides (i.e., atrazine, cyanazine, and metribuzin). Tonks and Westra (1997) reported that mixtures including ALS inhibitors gave no better control of ALS-resistant kochia from Colorado and Kansas than the nonsulfonylurea herbicides alone. 

The CEEPES (1993) model describes farmer weed control choices with approximately 500 herbicide and tillage options. The expert opinions of Iowa state economists and weed control specialists were used to obtain the yield and cost changes shown in Table 12.3 for the entire country. The description of the CEEPES model does not explain how replacement herbicides were chosen. However, the actual herbicides chosen are given, and they are very different from those in the Pike et al. (1994) and Danielson et al. (1993) studies. The state weed scientists in the Pike et al. (1994) and Danielson et al. (1993) studies estimated that cyanazine, dicamba, 2,4-D, and bromoxynil would replace 80% of the atrazine on com, while the CEEPES experts said that these four herbicides would only replace 36% of... 

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