Hemolytic anemia immune response

IgG or IgM antibodies direct the immune response toward the antigen located on a cell (e.g., a red blood cell or thrombocyte). Macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils are recruited by the antibodies to the site of the antigen on the cell surface and destroy the cell by phagocytosis or lysis. Additionally, complement activation will damage the cell (Fig. 6.32). The result, for example, where red cells are the targets is hemolytic anemia. 

Antiglobulin tests, also called Coombs tests, indicate hemolytic anemia caused by an immune response. A direct Coombs test detects antibodies bound to erythrocytes, whereas an indirect Coombs test measures antibodies present in the serum. A positive finding in a direct Coombs test is usually indicative of antibody-mediated hemolysis. 

The incidence and severity of Salmonellosis is increased in the following conditions or comorbidities. Achlorhydria, pernicious anemia, impaired immune response, HIV infection, malnutrition, chronic steroid administration, frequent administration of antibiotics which affects intestinal flora and lowers resistance of colonization, lymphoproliferative diseases, malignant tumors, schistosomiasis, chronic hemolytic syndromes (sickle cell disease), malaria and inflammatory bowel disease, mainly ulcerative cohtis. 

Several patients with CLL have received intravenous CdA on protocol study at our institution with an encouraging response rate of approximately 60%. In vitro studies were performed on pre-treatment leukemic cell samples from 16 patients who were considered evaluable for treatment response. All patients had previously received chemotherapy, and all were classified Rai Stage HI or IV with one exception (immune hemolytic anemia). CdA was given by continuous intravenous infusion at 0.1 mg/kg per day for 7 days. For this analysis, a response was defined simply as a reduction in the circulating lymphocyte coimt by greater than 50%. Treatment cycles were repeated at intervals of 3-6 weeks, and the CdA was discontinued if no response occurred after two treatments. 

Penicillins can cause all four types of hypersensitivity responses provoking type I IgE-mediated reactions such as urticaria, angioedema, asthma, and anaphylaxis type n antibody-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia type III immune complex-mediated serum sickness-like reactions and vasculitis and type IV T cell-mediated contact dermatitis, rashes, and other skin eruptions (refer to Chaps. 2 and 3). Table 5.1 lists clinical adverse reactions, together with their immune... 

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