Hemlock

Natural products that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds are numerous Two examples are tariric acid from the seed fat of a Guatemalan plant and cicutoxin a poi sonous substance isolated from water hemlock... 

Present along with other alkaloids in the hemlock extract used to poison Socrates)... 

Coniine (12), impHcated by Plato in the death of Socrates, is the major toxic constituent of Conium maculatum L. (poison hemlock) and, as pointed out eadier, was apparendy the first alkaloid to be synthesized. For years it was thought that coniine was derived from lysine (24), as were many of its obvious relatives containing reduced piperidine nuclei and a side chain, eg, peUetierine (46). However, it is now known (99) that coniine is derived from a polyketooctanoic acid [7028-40-2] (138), CgH QO, or some other similar straight chain analogue. 

Northeast spmce and fir hemlock, tamarack, and white pine oak, hickory, and maple aspen and poplar... 

Northwest Douglas fir and hemlock tme firs and spmce red alder ... 

Wood Delignijication. The production of wood pulp (qv) for the paper (qv) industry consists of removing lignin (qv) from wood chips, thus freeing the ceUulose fibers. An aqueous solution containing 30—70 wt % sulfolane efficiently extracts the lignin from aspen. Western hemlock, and Southern pine wood chips. Pulp yields are from 50—75% (43,44). 

Maple-beech-birch 6 -15 Terpene foliates are hemlock and white pine... 

Hemlock-Sitka spruce 2 -100 25% from Sitka spruce... 

The common hemlock, Conium maculatum, contain five alkaloids. Power and Tutin found a similar mixture in fool s parsley, and a volatile alkaloid resembling coniine i.s stated to occur in certain aroids. According to Svagr, water hemlock Cicuta virosa) owes its poisonous properties to toxin and not to cicutine, a name sometimes used as a synonym for coniine. The toxic properties of hemlock juice have been known ftom very early times thus it was the chief ingredient in the poison administered to criminals by the Greeks. The leaves and the unripe fruits are the parts used in medicine. The following are the names and formulae of the alkaloids —... 

Billing 7 has provided a scheme for distinguishing between the hemlock bases and other alkaloids, such as sparteine, nicotine and lobeline. 

Of the total alkaloids of hemlock isolated by the method of Chemnitius and fractionally distilled, the portion boiling up to 190° contains most of the coniine, -y-coniceine and A -methylconiine, the eonhydrine and... 

Pyridine Group. Piperine, Piperovatine, Leucenol, Mimosine, Alkaloids of Ricinus communis, Foenugrec, vy eca Nut, Hemlock, Lobelia, Tobacco (Nicotiana spp.). Anabasis aphylla, Pomegranate Root Bark. ... 

Flcckfieber, n. spotted fever, specif, typhus, fleckig, a. spotted, speckled, stained, mottled, flawy freckled. — — warden, spot, stain. Fleck Schlerling, m. poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). seife,/. scouring soap. stein,... 

Sprossen-bier, n. spruce beer, -extrakt, m. essence of spruce, -flchte, /. spruce fir, (true) spruce, -kohl, m. broccoli (Briisseler) Brussels sprouts, -tanne, /. hemlock spruce. Sprosskelmung, /. sprouting, budding. Sprdsshng, m. = Spross. 

Steaming and kiln-seasoning operations of various woods. These are notably pink stains in ash, reddish stains in beech, and brown stains in hemlock. Undesirable brown streaks or bands following the grain, sometimes occur naturally in oak, teak and afrormosia, but exposure to light reduces the differences, in some cases to normal. 

Coniine, C H N. is the toxic principle of the poison hemlock drunk by Socrates. When subjected to Hofmann elimination, coniine yields 5-(iV,N-dimethylamino)-l-octene. If coniine is a secondary amine, what is its structure ... 

Make sure the trees you tap are maples hemlocks would be a particularly poor choice. Identify the trees to be tapped in the fall, before the leaves fall. If possible, select sugar maples, which produce about one liter of maple syrup per tree per season. Other types of maples are less productive. 

Caffeine occurs in tea leaves, coffee beans, and cola nuts. Morphine is obtained from unripe opium poppy seed pods. Coniine, extracted from hemlock, is the alkaloid that killed Socrates. Fie was sentenced to death because of unconventional teaching methods teacher evaluations had teeth in them in ancient Greece. 

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