SUBJECTS hemlock

Coniine, C H N. is the toxic principle of the poison hemlock drunk by Socrates. When subjected to Hofmann elimination, coniine yields 5-(iV,N-dimethylamino)-l-octene. If coniine is a secondary amine, what is its structure ... 

Figure 102. Comparison of Ihe oxidatively-heating curve, of the soot, which arises from the incineration of the sawdust of Western hemlock and accumulates in the soot collector set up at the top of the incinerator and is charged in the draft cell, into which air is supplied, and is subjected to the adiabatic oxidatively-heating test started from a near 150 C, recorded in temperature increments of 3 K from the corresponding standard temperature, with, the oxidatively-heating curve of the sawdust of Western hemlock placed under the same conditions as the former.

The fir, hemlock,and spruce galactoglucomannans have been nitrated, and the nitrates subjected to measurements of osmotic pressure. The number of D-glucose and D-mannose residues per average molecule was found to be 76, 44, and 100, respectively. The low yield of the spruce polymer suggests that the polymer consists of a fraction of high molecular weight. All of the specimens had probably been depolymerized by the chlorous acid used in preparing the holocelluloses. 

Hemlock sawdust was ground past a 0.8 mm. screen in a laboratory mill, and then subjected to five different levels of irradiation using a Gammacell 220 (Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Ottawa) as the source of gamma irradiation. The irradiation dosages ranged from 4.85 X 106 to 1.46 X 108 rads. 

Macerate the hemlock fruit for forty-eight hours in fifteen ounces of the spirit, in a closed vessel, agitating occasionally transfer to a percolator, and, when the fluid ceases to pass, continue the percolation with the remaining five ounces of spirit. Then subject the contents of the percolator to pressure, filter the product, mix the liquids, and add sufficient proof spirit to make one pint. 

Coniine has molecular formula CgHijN and was present in the hemlock extract used to execute the Greek philosopher Socrates. Subjecting coniine to a Hofmann elimination produces (S)-N,N-dimethyloct-7-en-4-amine. Coniine exhibits one peak above 3000 cm in its IR spectrum. Drawthe structure of coniine. 

Trocino s concept of total utilization of the raw material, Douglas-fir bark, to produce several salable products was good, and earned Bohemia the 1976 Environmental Award from the American Paper Institute and the American Forest Products Institute. Unfortunately a certain amount of solvent losses is inevitable. Thus, efficient solvent extraction and recovery of solvent to obtain the primary product in a 3% yield, based on bark, could only be expected to be cost effective if the product sold in the dollars per kilogram range, such as carnauba wax imported from Brazil or Mexico. Unrefined Douglas-fir wax is soft because of the presence of terpenes, unsaturated fats, etc., and is subject to discolorization by iron salts because of the presence of ferulate esters, which promote the formation of complexes. As in the case of the polyphenolic extractives from redwood and hemlock bark, the product end-use was not sufficiently unique to ultimately justify a price that would support production and operating costs, and generate a reasonable profit. 

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