Fluid heating liquid heated tools

First, the process equipment heats the prelaminate, which is typically a flat panel, until the matrix is molten and flowable. Heat arrives by surface convection, surface irradiation or combined convection and irradiation. Second, pressure forces the molten prelaminate to move towards the tool. Pressure sources include tool surfaces and fluid pressure from compressible gas or incompressible liquid. During this motion, the pressure can drive the matrix to flow between and through the fibres as the prelaminate changes to the component shape. 

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach has become a standard tool for analyzing various situations where fluid flow has an effect on the studied processes. Numerous studies using CFD for chemical process industry have also been reported. Mostly, they have been simple cases as the system is non-reacting, contains only one phase (liquid or gas), or physical properties are assumed constant. When we are dealing with multiphase systems like gas-liquid or liquid-liquid systems we must take into account some phenomena which are not of importance for one-phase systems. The vapor-liquid or liquid-liquid equilibrium is one of these that are needed in order to model the system. In addition to that, mass and heat transfer between the phases must generally be taken into account. Also, the two-phase characteristics of fluid flow need to be taken into consideration in the CFD models. 

To understand the heat and moisture flow characteristics of textile fabrics, many mathematical models have been propounded. Matty computational tools like Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic and many more are also being used to understand the complex relationships between the clothing parameters and the perception of comfort. This chapter deals with the studies on heat and mass transfer properties of textile assemblies. The phenomena covered here are diy steady state heat transfer, transient heat transfer, moisture vapor and liquid moisture transfer and coupled heat and moisture transfer properties of fibers, fiber bundles, fibrous materials and other textile stmctures. The processes involved in each and the woik done on modeling and simulation of the transfer processes till date, from the point of view of clothing comfort have been discussed. 

Lashkarbolooki M, Zeinolabedini A, Ayatollahi S (2012) Artificial neural network as an applicable tool to predict the binary heat capacity of mixtures containing ionic liquids. Fluid Phase Equilib 324 102-107... 

In the following discussion, attention is focused on the application of thermal-hydraulic system codes. Under this category codes like APROS, ATHLET, CATHARE, RELAP5 and TRAC are included, all based upon the solution of a main system of six partial differential equations. Two main fields, one per each of the two phases liquid and steam are considered and coupling is available with the solution of the conduction heat transfer equations within solids interfaced with the fluid phases. A one-dimensional solution for the characteristics of the fluid is achieved in the direction of the fluid motion in time dependent conditions. It should be emphasized that more sophisticate models are also available including three-dimensional solutions and multi-field approaches in two and multiphase fluids. However the present qualification level of those sophisticated computational tools is questionable as well as their actual need in the design or in the safety applications. 

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