Heat stress fluid replacement

Continued heat stress can lead to stroke and death. Careful training and frequent monitoring of personnel who wear protective clothing, judicious scheduhng of work and rest periods, and frequent replacement of fluids can protect against this hazard [21]. 

Fluid replacement has been examined both in relation to conditions such as heat stress and when used to resuscitate and treat combat casualties and civilian injuries. 

Heat exhaustion is a type of heat stress caused by water and/or electrolyte depletion. A victim of heat exhaustion may have a normal or even lower-than-normal oral temperature but will typically have a higher-than-usual rectal temperature (i.e., 99.5°F to 101.3°F). Heat exhaustion is caused by prolonged exertion in a hot environment and a failure to replace the water and/or electrolytes lost through sweating. Heat exhaustion causes the body to become dehydrated, which decreases the volume of circulating blood. The various body parts compete for a smaller volume of blood, which causes circulatory strain. A victim of heat exhaustion should be moved to a cool place and made to lie down. Replacement fluid containing electrolytes should be taken slowly but steadily by mouth. 

It can handle highly viscous fermentation broths and achieve high oxygen transfer and heat exchange rates and provides short mixing times. For shear-sensitive cells, turbines and flow breakers in the fermenter are replaced by impellers, resulting in lower fluid dynamic stress. 

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