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Health effects additivity

Exposure to chlorobenzene can be determined by measuring the chemical or its metabolite in urine, exhaled air, blood, and body fat. Tests are not routinely available at the doctor s office. Specific tests are available that can determine if exposure is currently occurring or has occurred very recently, but not whether exposure occurred in the past. Further, levels in the various media stated above do not predict adverse health effects. Additional information on how chlorobenzene can be measured in exposed humans is given in Chapters 2 and 6. [Pg.15]

The current OSHA TLV standard for exposure to all organotin compounds is 0.1 mg of organotin compounds (as tin)/m air averaged over an 8-h work shift (192). NIOSH has recommended a permissible exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m of tin averaged over a work shift of up to 10 h/d, 40 h/wk Reference 193 should be consulted for more detailed information. Additional information on the health effects of organotin compounds is given in Reference 48. [Pg.77]

The hazards of chemicals are commonly detected in the workplace first, because exposure levels there are higher than in the general environment. In addition, the exposed population is well known, which allows early detection of the association between deleterious health effects and the exposure. The toxic effects of some chemicals, such as mercury compounds and soot, have been known already for centuries. Already at the end of the eighteenth century, small boys who were employed to climb up the inside of chimneys to clean them suffered from a cancer of the scrotum due to exposure to soot. This was the first occupational cancer ever identified. In the viscose industry, exposure to carbon disulfide was already known to cause psychoses among exposed workers during the nineteenth century. As late as the 1970s, vinyl chloride was found to induce angiosarcoma of the liver, a tumor that was practically unknown in ocher instances. ... [Pg.250]

Hazard identification, step one, means identification of new chemicals or other factors that may cause harmful health effects. Previously, novel hazards were usually observed in case studies or after accidents or other excessive exposures, usually in occupational environments. Today, thorough toxicity studies are required on all pesticides, food additives, and drugs. New chemicals also have to be studied for their potential toxic effects. Thus, earlier hazards were in most cases identified after they had caused harmful effects in humans. Today, most chemical products have been evaluated for their toxicity with experimental animals. Therefore, hazard identification has become a preventive procedure based on safety studies conducted before a chemical compound or product reaches the market, and before individuals are exposed to it. ... [Pg.328]

Humans experience a wide range of acute adverse health effects, including irritation, narcosis, asphyxiation, sensitization, blindness, organ system damage, and death. In addition, the severity of many of these effects varies with intensity and duration of e.xposure. For example, exposure to a substance at an intensity that is sufficient to cause only mild throat irritation is of less concern than one that causes severe eye irritation, lacrimation, or dizziness, since the latter effects arc likely to impede escape from the area of contamination. [Pg.340]

Since these PM standards were established, the EPA has reviewed peer-reviewed scientific studies that suggest that significant health effects occur at concentrations below the 1987 standards. In addition, some studies attributed adverse health effects to particles smaller than 10 microns. In July 1997, the EPA, under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), added standards for particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less (PM, ). The annual PM, 5 standard was set at 15 pg/ni and the 24-hour PMj standard was set at 65 p.g/m . [Pg.445]

The health effects of different pollutants vary according to the Intensity and duration of exposures and the health status of the persons exposed. A sumnary of these effects Is provided In Table II, together with the WHO (1979) guideline values for the protection of human health. The WHO European office has reviewed these guidelines, WHO (1987), and has recommended additional values for SOj In the presence of particulate matter. [Pg.166]

Chapter 3 Health Effects Specific health effects of a given hazardous compound are reported by type of health (death, systemic, immunologic, reproductive), by route of exposure, and by length of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic). In addition, both human and animal studies are reported in this section. [Pg.7]

Although methods have been established to derive these levels (Barnes and Dourson 1988 EPA 1990c), uncertainties are associated with these techniques. Furthermore, ATSDR acknowledges additional uncertainties inherent in the application of the procedures to derive less than lifetime MRLs. As an example, acute inhalation MRLs may not be protective for health effects that are delayed in development or are acquired following repeated acute insults, such as h q)ersensitivity reactions, asthma, or chronic bronchitis. As these kinds of health effects data become available and methods to assess levels of significant human exposure improve, these MRLs will be revised. [Pg.40]

This may be due, in part, to the limited information on toxic effects associated with such exposures. If additional information becomes available indicating adverse health effects of long-term exposures, then studies examining methods for mitigating the effects of such exposures would become a data need. [Pg.130]

Most of the hterature reviewed concerning the health effects of endosulfan in humans described case reports of occupational exposure and accidental or intentional ingestion of endosulfan. The cases of occupational exposure to endosulfan concerned exposures of acute-to-intermediate durations, and the cases of oral exposure were exclusively acute-duration exposure situations. The predominant route of exposure in the occupational case reports is believed to be inhalation, but the possibility of some degree of dermal exposure cannot be ruled out. The information on human exposure is limited because the possibility of concurrent exposure to other pesticides or other toxic substances cannot be excluded. In addition, the precise duration and level of exposure to endosulfan generally cannot be quantified from the information presented in these reports. [Pg.186]

Cyanidin is the most common anthocyanin in foods. In addition, anthocyanins are stabilized by the formation of complexes with other flavonoids (co-pigmentation). In the United States, the daily anthocyanin consumption is estimated at about 200 mg. Several promising studies have reported that consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods is associated with reductions of the risks of cancers - and atherosclerosis and with preventive effects against age-related neuronal and behavioral declines. These beneficial effects of anthocyanins might be related to their reported biological actions such as modulators of immune response and as antioxidants. Knowledge of anthocyanin bioavailability and metabolism is thus essential to better understand their positive health effects. [Pg.165]

Company Chemical c o s 3 E o u. c Human Health Effects Ecotoxicity Environmental Potential Routes of Exposure Reactive or Additive ... [Pg.286]

OSHA maintains a list of potential carcinogens. In addition, OSHA sets enforceable permissible exposure limits (PELS) to protect workers against the health effects of exposure to hazardous substances. [Pg.308]

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. Epidemiological studies of radiation dose typically involve estimates of exposure that are based on whole-body measurements of internally-deposited americium. A need remains for epidemiological data that can provide quantitative human dose-response information while supplying additional information on the health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation and americium in particular, for cases of known internal exposure. [Pg.122]

Epidemiological and Human Dosimetry Studies. No epidemiological studies were located. However, prior to conducting any large-scale studies, animal studies are needed to determine what, if any, chronic health effects occur after exposure to diisopropyl methylphosphonate. In addition, appropriate cohorts would be very difficult to identify. [Pg.107]


See other pages where Health effects additivity is mentioned: [Pg.41]    [Pg.109]    [Pg.41]    [Pg.109]    [Pg.372]    [Pg.180]    [Pg.79]    [Pg.2171]    [Pg.326]    [Pg.335]    [Pg.292]    [Pg.165]    [Pg.128]    [Pg.254]    [Pg.245]    [Pg.246]    [Pg.329]    [Pg.345]    [Pg.131]    [Pg.98]    [Pg.180]    [Pg.241]    [Pg.303]    [Pg.314]    [Pg.19]    [Pg.294]    [Pg.196]    [Pg.288]    [Pg.290]    [Pg.105]    [Pg.160]    [Pg.171]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.7 , Pg.12 ]




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Additives health effects

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