HD toxicity

Pfeiffer CM, Kazenoff S, Rothberg HD. Toxic epidermal necrolysis from atorvastatin. JAMA 1998 279(20) 1613 i. 

A second important pathology that was recently described is failure of the comeal endothelial barrier due to CEC loss. Early reports of HD toxicity included endothelial cell toxicity and uveitis in Class III injuries, suggesting that HD can penetrate through the cornea to the anterior chamber (Mann and Pullinger, 1944 Hughes,... 

LLDPE by itself does not present any health-related hazard on account of its chemical inertness and low toxicity. Consequently, film, containers, and container Hds made from LLDPE are used on a large scale in food and dmg packaging. Some LLDPE grades produced with unsupported metallocene catalysts have an especially high purity due to high catalyst productivity and a low contamination level of resins with catalyst residue. FDA approved the use of film manufactured from these resins for food contact and for various medical appHcations (80). However, if LLDPE articles contain fillers, processing aids, or colorants, thek health factors must then be judged separately. 

In Huntington s disease the polyglutamine repeat expansion in exon 1 of HD leads to a toxic gain of the protein huntingtin (htt). Harper et al. could show that siRNA directed against mutant human htt reduced htt iriRNA and protein expression in cell culture and in HD... 

Skin and eye toxicity. 633mg-min/m3 will produce casualties by eye injury. On bare skin PD is about 90% as blistering as HD (distilled mustard), but it is decompd immediately by wet clothing... 

Keller DA, Heck HD. 1988. Mechanistic studies on chloral toxicity Relationship to trichloroethylene carcinogenesis. Toxicol Lett 42 183-191. 

HD in the body is very slow, and repeated exposures produce a cumulative effect. Its toxic hazard is high for inhalation, ingestion, and skin and eye absorption, but the most common acute hazard is from liquid contact with eyes or skin. Agent HD is distilled H, it has been purified by washing and vacuum distillation to reduce sulfur impurities. Agent H is a mixture of 70% bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide and 30% sulfur impurities produced by unstable Levinstein process. 

HN-2 has the greatest blistering power of the nitrogen mustards in vapor form but is intermediate as a liquid blistering agent. It produces toxic eye effects more rapidly than does HD. 

HD is a vesicant (blister agent) and alkylating agent producing cytotoxic action on the hematopoietic (blood-forming) tissues which are especially sensitive. The rate of detoxification of HD in the body is very slow, and repeated exposures produce a cumulative effect. It causes blisters, irritates the eyes, and it is toxic when inhaled. HD has been determined to be a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. 

Rapid hydrolysis aids in lowering the duration of effectiveness of toxic chemical agents. For example, in the presence of water or water vapor, lewisite (L) rapidly hydrolyzes. Therefore, it has a shorter duration of effectiveness than distilled mustard (HD). 

The interplay between the chemical and biological properties of the threat agent, on the one hand, and the specific attack scenario, on the other, can influence the lethality of the attack. Table 2-2 shows the relative respiratory toxicities (expressed as the lethal concentration of toxin at which 50 percent of test animals are killed, or LCT50, in milligrams per minute per cubic meter) of a variety of toxic gases compared with chlorine gas, which was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. According to Table 2-2, the nerve agent sarin (GB) has a respiratory toxicity approximately 100 times that of chlorine, while sulfur mustard (HD) is about 7 times more toxic. However, the lethality of an attack... 

For additional information see AR 385-61, The Army Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Program, DA Pam 385-61, Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Standards, and DA Pam 40-173, Occupational Health Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Occupational Exposure to Mustard Agents H, HD, and HT. ... 

Lindamood C, Farnell DR, Giles HD, et al Subchronic toxicity studies of r-butyl alcohol in rats and mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 19 91-100, 1992... 

Kirk HD, Berdasco NM, Breslin WJ, et al Developmental toxicity of 1,2-dichloropropane (PDC) in rats and rabbits following oral gavage. Fundam Appl Toxicol 28(1) 18-26, 1995... 

Hanley TR, Kirk HD, Johnson KA, et al Propylene dichloride (PDC) A two-generation reproductive toxicity and dominant lethal mutagenicity study in rats. Toxicologist 12(1) 200, 1992... 

LaCagnin LB, Connor HD, Mason RP, et al. 1987. The carbon dioxide anion radical adduct in the perfused rat liver relationship to halocarbon-induced toxicity. MOI Pharmacol 33 351-257. 

Adult toxicity HD FO liver weight increased, fatty degeneration 7/25 males None... 

The proprietary HD catalyst operates at lower temperatures than incineration and other types of catalysts. This reduces the production of toxic products of incomplete combustion (PICs) to negligible levels as well as minimizing energy demands. 

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