Harvesters problem

High palm plants present harvesting problems. With shorter plants, there is easier harvesting and a longer planting cycle because the trees do not need to be replanted so often. Plants that grow only 15-25 cm/yr are now available in place of the usual 45-75 cm/yr. 

Due to characteristics of the sugarcane harvesting problem, traveling from one field to the next can be considered as the VRP with time window (VRPTW) constraints, which has been extensively studied in the OR literature. The TW constraints represent the time span of a particular field that can be harvested. A field can only be harvested within an allowed TW, in which the yield may vary. In this chapter, the mathematical model based on VRPTW is developed to solve this specific problem. The objective of the model is to maximize total revenue of farmers whose share the same harvester. The revenue is estimated by the revenue of selling obtained cane minus the harvesting and harvester transportation costs. The revenue expresses in the function of quantify of cane harvested in a specific period. 

This has been bred from selections from sugar beet and mangels. At one time it was quite popular as a feed for pigs. Fodder beet should not be grown on heavy and/or poorly drained soils, nor on stony soils. There could well be establishment and harvesting problems in these conditions. 

In the past, removing metal and metalloid contaminants from soil has been impossible, and site clean-up has meant excavation and disposal in a secure landfill. An exciting new approach to this problem is phytoextraction, where plants are used to extract contaminants from the soil and harvested. Immobilization and Toxicity-Minimization. 

Concretes. Concretes are produced by extraction of flowers, leaves, or roots, usually with hydrocarbon solvents. After removal of the solvent by distillation, the concrete is obtained as a thick, waxy residue. Such materials are used in some fine fragrances, but the waxes they contain can give rise to solubihty problems. Eor this reason, concretes are often dissolved in alcohol to make tinctures, or in other low odor diluents. Production of concretes, especially flower concretes, usually takes place where the botanicals are grown since the odors of such materials deteriorate rapidly after harvesting. 

Kenaf is a grass fiber crop that has been proposed as a papermaking source. It is an aimual crop and can be grown in many parts of the country. There have been agronomic problems with kenaf, primarily its vulnerabiUty to nematode pests. Another problem is that kenaf is harvested once a year and must then be stored, usually as silage. There is some loss of the fiber in storage. 

Fertilizer nitrogen is usually applied in the spring, but to assess its overall contribution to the nitrate problem we need to consider what happens not only in the period between its application and the harvest of the crop but also after harvest. 

Even when horticultural crops leave substantial amounts of nitrate in the soil at harvest, they are not usually a very important factor in the nitrate problem because horticulture occupies only about 6% of the cultivable land. However, there could be a problem if, because of the type of soil, a number of market gardens were concentrated above an aquifer that was an important source of potable water. 

The experience of the particleboard industry on the influence of seasonal variations of the wood quality has been reported. Problems occur especially using wood which has been harvested in the wintertime and which goes into board production immediately. 

Initially, penicillin was produced in shallow earthenware "penicillin pots" that resembled bedpans used in hospitals. Milk bottles were then used. The problems with these approaches stemmed from the costs of the multiple inoculations that were needed and the costs of harvesting from multitudinous small cultures. Replacement of these small vessels by larger tray-like vessels, however, was not entirely successful the trays often warped during sterilisation. 

Despite the use of 2.5 million tons of pesticide worldwide, approximately 35% of potential crop production is lost to pests. An additional 20% is lost to pests that attack the food post-harvest. Thus, nearly one-half of all potential world food supply is lost to pests despite human efforts to prevent this loss. Pesticides, in addition to saving about 10% of world food supply, cause serious environmental and public health problems. These problems include human pesticide poisonings fish and bird kills destruction of beneficial natural enemies pesticide resistance contamination of food and water with pesticide residues and inadvertent destruction of some crops. 

The winemaker is always facing problems due to the weakness of grapes which composition is variable and different for each vintage. He tries to prevent oxidation and to work with soft conditions to preserve grapes components important for the wine s equilibrium. The sanitary state of the harvest is of first importance Grapes composition depends on the variety, terroir, viticulture and climatic conditions. The main objective for the winemaker is to keep and valorize grape components like aromas which will determine the quality of the wine... 

In general, pyriproxyfen residues are stable in macerated crop samples. Stability problems have been observed in summer squash, and this should be extracted within 21 days of harvest. 

Weeds are an enormous problem affecting field crops in the Mid-South. They reduce yields, increase the cost of production, reduce the quality of the harvested produce, and decrease the value of the marketed product. These effects of weeds are present wherever crops are grown however, they seem to be more devastating... 

---