Hall hypothesis

That he might bring into one point of view, and compare the various changes effected by the agency of fire, Stahl invented a new Principle, which he named Phlogiston, and constructed an hypothesis which is generally known as the phlogistic theory. He explained, and applied, this hypothesis in various books, especially in one published at Halle in 1717. 

Hall and Wolf [217] have proposed a hypothesis, concerning the pathogenesis of post-traumatic central nervous system ischaemia, which integrates an injury-induced rise in intracellular Ca2+, the increased synthesis of vasoactive prostanoids and progressive microvascular lipid peroxidation. The model used anaesthetised cats with a contusion injury to the lumbar spinal cord. Antioxidants, vitamin E and selenium, were compared with various Ca2 + antagonists, cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor and the stable prostacyclin analogue. The most impressive preservation of post-traumatic spinal cord blood flow was provided by the antioxidants. 

Deterministic analysis. While it is rather difficult to analyze the results of STSA techniques in a general case, it becomes relatively simple when it is supposed that the unknown input signal is a pure tone, or more generally, a compound of several pure tones with frequencies sufficiently spaced apart. This hypothesis is pertinent since a large proportion of steady instrumental sounds can be efficiently described, both perceptively and analytically, as a sum of slowly modulated pure tones [Deutsch, 1982, Benade, 1976, Hall, 1980],... 

A. Jans, The mobile receptor hypothesis The role of membrane receptor lateral movement in signal transduction (Chapman Hall, Austin, TX, 1997). 

Hall, P., Wilson, S., Two guidelines for bootstrap hypothesis testing, Biometrics 1991,47 757-762. 

Neutral evolution is based on the hypothesis that most mutations made on the molecular level do not alter the fitness of an organism (Kimura, 1983 Kimura, 1991). This is in contrast to adaptive, or Darwinian, evolution, which asserts that mutational changes that survive selection usually have a beneficial effect. There is empirical evidence supporting both theories (King and Jukes, 1969 Kimura, 1991 Eanes et al., 1993 Hall, 1998). Recent efforts have focused on the relationship between neutral and adaptive evolution and insight has been provided into the mechanisms by which neutral evolution can drive adaptation. The neutral structure of a fitness landscape can aid the evolutionary search. Adaptive... 

Jans DA. The Mobile Receptor Hypothesis. 1997. Chapman Hall, New York. 

We might turn an argument around to substantiate the hypothesis that, especially in acute oral intoxications, the animals do not die from the toxin but from secondary effects to the GIT It has been documented in at least three major attempts, that cytotoxicity correlates pretty well with acute oral toxicity (see Halle register, MEIC study and the more recent ICCVAM/NICEATM/ECVAM validation study). Actually, this makes little sense if we assume that the substances are taken up, distributed and metabolized with complex kinetics and can affect more than 400 different tissues with various sensitivities. Might it be that the animal experiment simply measures cytotoxicity to the GIT epithelium, which results in translocation of bacteria Ironically, this would mean that we can pretty well predict this animal test in vitro, because the animal test measures a phenomenon (cytotoxicity to the intestine) that is irrelevant for humans (we would vomit—which rodents cannot do—or remove the intoxication before it reaches the intestine, supply intensive care treatment, etc.). Instead of our 9 million effort of A-Cute-Tox (http //www.acutetox.org/), a well-designed series of animal experiments might demonstrate that the reference method is meaningless. 

Michel Boudart, Kinetics of Chemical Processes, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1968. A concise presentation of the fundamental concepts of kinetics for homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, including a chapter on the application and validity of the stationary-state hypothesis. 

Hummel, P., Vaidehi, N., Floriano, W.B., Hall, S.E., and Goddard, WA. III. (2005) Test of the binding threshold hypothesis for olfactory receptors Explanation of the differential binding of ketones to the mouse and human orthologs of olfactory receptor 912-93. Protein Sci. 14, 703-710. 

On the other hand, evidence for a causal relationship between cannabis use and psychoses in otherwise low-risk persons is much more scarce (Johns, 2001 Hall and Degenhardt, 2000 Mass et al., 2001). Convincingly arguing against the causation hypothesis is the finding that in Australia no increased rate of incidence of schizophrenia has been reported over a period of several decades despite a dramatic increase in cannabis use during that period (Degenhardt, Hall and Lynskey, 2003). 

Raftery, A. (1996). Hypothesis testing and model selection. Practical Markov Chain monte Carlog (Gilks, W. R., Richardson, S., Spiegelter, D.) Chapman and Hall. 

The possibility of the exogenous origin of life was considered by scientists as early as Helmholtz, and Arrhenius termed it panspermia, an idea with ancient roots. Today, the panspermia hypothesis has finally achieved some measure of scientific respectability. Although it remains the orthodox view that life evolved in situ on this planet and, possibly, many others, there is mounting evidence of at least some extraterrestrial input to the formative stages of planet-based biology. Here is a summary of the relevant facts (Hoover 2006, Russel and Hall 2006, Wickramas-inghe 2004) ... 

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