Mutational change

Bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents as a result of mutational changes in the chromosome or via the acquisition of genetic material (resistance genes carried on plasmids or transposons or the recombination of foreign DNA into the chromosome) (Fig. 2). 

Performing crossover and mutation. In addition to replication, crossover and mutation are also two effective ways to form a new population. Crossover manipulation is the combination of two ABS codes to form two new ABS codes. Mutation changes one or two elements, saying 0 to 1, or 1 to 0, of a selected ABS code. The crossover and mutation are performed probabilistically. The replication, crossover, and mutation processes are repeated until the termination criterion is reached. 

Nonsense mutations change normal codons into nonsense codons. In viruses, nonsense mutations are recognized because hosts are available that contain suppressors able to read nonsense codons. The virus mutant will be able to grow in the host containing the suppressor, but not in the normal host. 

The absence of mutational changes in these assays is not an indicator that the selected drug is successful, because success is a function of the entire regimen rather than of individual drugs, and because viral quasi-species often change rapidly and dramatically. 

Mutations change the sequence of DNA bases and may thus lead to cellular dysfunction or disease. 

Mutation—Change in the genetic material of a cell or organism that is inherited. 

Maintenance of a pure culture of B. diminuta must be done in such a manner as to keep the probability of mutational changes that might alter cellular characteristics to a minimum. 

Kraus RL, Sinnegger MJ, Glossmann H, Hering S, Striessnig J (1998) Familial hemiplegic migraine mutations change alphalA Ca2+ channel kinetics. J Biol Chem 273 5586-5590. 

Since mutations change the genome, the argument continues, the mutations that caused speciation continue to produce changes in proteins, and because mutations do not stop after this event, the percent sequence difference observed in parent and daughter species would be proportional to the time that has passed since separation occurred. Species produced at the first obstacle in Figure 13.1 would show larger... 

Mutation Change in the DNA sequence of a gene to some new form. 

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