Meningitis Haemophilus influenzae

Cardnerella vaginalis Metronidazole Clindamycin Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis... 

Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime Chloramphenicol meropenem... 

Polymyxin B may be indicated (when less toxic drugs are ineffective or contraindicated) in serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the following organisms Haemophilus influenzae (meningeal infections) Escherichia coli (urinary tract infections) Enterobacter aero-genes (bacteremia) Klebsiella pneumoniae (bacteremia). In meningeal infections, polymyxin B sulfate must be administered only intrathecally. 

Rifampin also is indicated for the prophylaxis of meningococcal disease and Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. To prevent meningococcal disease, adults may be treated with 600 mg twice daily for 2 days or 600 mg once daily for 4 days children should receive 10-15 mg/kg, to a maximum cf600 mg. Combined with a f-lactam antibiotic or vancomycin, rifampin is used in selected cases of staphylococcal endocarditis or osteomyelitis. Rifampin may be used to eradicate nasal staphylococci in patients with chronic furunculosis. 

Two children, aged 2 and 5 years, with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, were given chloramphenicol 100 mg/kg per day in four divided doses by infusion over 30 minutes. Within 3 days of starting rifampicin (rifampin) 20 mg/kg per day their peak serum chloramphenicol levels were reduced by 86 and 64%, respectively, and only returned to the therapeutic range when the chloramphenicol dosage was increased to 125 mg/kg per day. ... 

Intellectual, neuropsychological, and achievement outcomes in children six to eight years after recovery from Haemophilus influenza meningitis. 

There are a number of practical problems involved with using polysaccharides as vaccines as there are frequently too many different chemotypes for it to be practicable to prepare a vaccine. In some cases a limited number of serotypes are the dominant cause of infection and it may then be possible to produce vaccines. A major problem is the poor immune response elicited by polysaccharide antigens, which may in some cases be improved by chemical modification. This is (fie case for vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b (a causative agent of meningitis), where the antigenicity of the polysaccharide can be increased by coupling to proteins. 

Haemophilus influenzae owes its specific name to the fact that it was thought to be the causal organism of influenza (now known to be a virus disease) as it was often isolated in cases ofinfluenza. It is the main cause ofinfantile meningitis and conjunctivitis and is one of the most important causes of chronic bronchitis. 

Haemophilus influenzae is a bacterial respiratory pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of disease ranging from colonization of the airways to bacterial meningitis. It causes considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in children less than 5 years of age. H. influenzae is either encapsulated or unencapsulated. The encapsulated strains can be further differentiated into six antigenically distinct serotypes, a through f. H. influenzae type b was primarily found in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of children with meningitis, while the unencapsulated strains were found in the upper respiratory tract of adults. Before the introduction of the vaccine, H. influenzae was responsible for 20,000 to 25,000 cases of invasive disease annually and was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis. Since the introduction of the vaccine, invasive disease due to H. influenzae type b has been nearly eliminated. 

CNS infections may be caused by a variety of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. The most common causes of bacterial meningitis include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae. 

A further type of vaccine included in the subunit category is the capsular polysaccharide vaccines, for example, those against Haemophilus influenzae and meningococcal meningitis. In this case an extract of the polysaccharide outer capsule of the bacterium is used as a vaccine and is sometimes conjugated to protein to... 

Bacterial meningitis (pediatric patients 3 months of age or older only) Bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae ( -lactamase and non- -lactamase-producing strains), and Neisseria meningitidis. 

It is indicated for immunisation of children against invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (meningitis, septicemia, cellulitis, arthritis, epiglottitis). 

Rifampin is used in a variety of other clinical situations. An oral dosage of 600 mg twice daily for 2 days can eliminate meningococcal carriage. Rifampin, 20 mg/kg/d for 4 days, is used as prophylaxis in contacts of children with Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Rifampin combined with a second agent is used to eradicate staphylococcal carriage. Rifampin combination therapy is also indicated for treatment of serious staphylococcal infections such as osteomyelitis and prosthetic valve endocarditis. Rifampin has been recommended also for use in combination with ceftriaxone or vancomycin in treatment of meningitis caused by highly penicillin-resistant strains of pneumococci. 

Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative human pathogen that routinely colonizes the upper respiratory tract. Serotype b capsular strains are associated with invasive diseases such as meningitis, septicemia, epiglottises, pneumonia, and emphysema, particularly in infants (1,2). The presence of TV-acetylglucos-amine as a minor component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been reported in H. influenzae type b strain A2 (3) and in the related species Haemophilus ducreyi... 

Distribution All of these antibiotics distribute very well into body fluids. However, adequate therapeutic levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), regardless of inflammation, are achieved only with the third generation cephalosporins (for example, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime are effective in the treatment of neonatal and childhood meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae). Cefazolin (se FA zo lin) finds application in orthopedic surgery because of its activity against penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus, its half-life and its ability to penetrate bone. 

C. Ampicillin Bacterial meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae (p-lactamase negative)... 

A. It is frequently used prophylactically for household members exposed to meningitis caused by meningococci or Haemophilus influenzae. 

Haemophilus influenzae type B, a Gram-negative cocco-bacillus, accounts for approximately 40 cases per year. The incidence of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B has fallen considerably following introduction of the Hib vaccine in 1992. 

Benzylpenicillin achieves peak CSF levels that are reliable for treating sensitive strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis but not Haemophilus influenzae and therefore cefotaxime or ceftriaxone are more reliable for suspected H. influenzae meningitis. 

Haemophilus influenzae Upper respiratory tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, meningitis Conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis, preseptal and orbital cellulitis, endophthalmitis... 

A series of vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae, started at two months of age, has greatly reduced the incidence of that form of meningitis. Vaccines also exist against Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, but these vaccines are only recommended for those people who have particular susceptibility to those organisms, due to certain immune deficiencies, lack of a spleen, or sickle cell anemia. 

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