Hadronic Calorimeter

CALIBRATION OF THE KASCADE-GRANDE HADRON CALORIMETER AT AN ACCELERATOR... 

Abstract An iron sampling calorimeter with warm-liquid ionization chambers has been tested at the CERN SPS in order to study the signal development and to verify the energy calibration of the hadron calorimeter in the KASCADE-Grande air shower experiment. The signal calibration of the detectors is discussed. First results of the analysis of the longitudinal shower development in the calorimeter are presented and compared with results from simulations based on the GEANT/ FLUKA code. 

Calibration of the KASCADE-Grande Hadron Calorimeter at an Accelerator 385... 

ATLAS 140 tAr CERN EM and hadron calorimeters Electrons, photons, hadrons, and Higgs boson 2007... 

Each detector is equipped with a solenoidal magnet, central tracking chamber, electromagnetic and hadron calorimeters, muon detectors, luminosity monitor and a high degree of hermeticity. The complementary aspects of the four detectors make the whole system rather complete for a wide ranging physics programme [for a comparative analysis of the four detectors, see Thresher (1988)]. 

Large detectors from the EHS now in use in NA36 include downstream tracking chambers, two electromagnetic calorimeters and two hadronic calorimeters which measure energy flow and rapidity distributions. Additionally, a large gas Cerenkov detector identifies fragments from the beam projectile. 

Figure 2. Energy deposition in the calorimeter as function of depth in hadronic interaction lengths as measured for pions/protons with energies from 15 to 350 GeV (left) and measurements for 100 GeV compared to simulations with GEANT/FLUKA (right).

The calorimeter was set up at the H4 beamline of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN and was tested with beams of protons, pions, electrons, and muons with energies between 15 and 350 GeV Plewnia et al 2004. Protons and pions could not be distinguished, they are treated as hadrons, as in the air shower experiment. To identify electrons, a lead plate (15 mm thick, corresponding to three radiation lengths) has been placed in front of the first layer of ionization chambers and the signal in this chambers was used to select primary electrons. Contaminations of muons and pions in the electron beam could be efficiently rejected. 

The response of the detector for hadrons from 15 to 350 GeV is depicted in Fig. 2 (left), where the energy deposition in the ionization chambers is plotted as function of the depth in the calorimeter, measured in hadronic interaction lengths i. To guide the eye, the measurements are parameterized according to... 

Figure 3. Weighted energy sum in the calorimeter as function of the incident particles energy for hadrons (left) and electrons ( right). Measured values are compared with GEANT/FLUKA simulations.

DO 42,000 L Ar Fermilab EM and hadronic sampling calorimeter Electrons, photons, and hadrons 1991... 

The CMS experiment—one of the four large LHC experiments— is a general-purpose detector designed to optimally exploit the physics potential of the LHC. Located inside the superconducting solenoid, which provides a 3.8 Tesla held, are the hadronic and electromagnetic calorimeters as well as the tracking system. The latter is based on silicon pixels and silicon strip detectors, with a total sUicon area of 210 m. A multi-layer muon system embedded in the return yoke outside the solenoid completes the CMS detector. 

Detecting a tag in two-photon reactions does not require the full power of the detector only the calorimeter and some ability to reject backgrounds. The calorimeter should be able to distinguish the high energy (1-3 GeV) scattered positron from hadron backgrounds, while photon rejection could be provided from the corner region of the drift... 

It is desirable to detect neutral hadrons with modest energy and [)osition resolution, over a larger solid angle than that provided by the CsI(Tl) calorimeter (which is, in any case, only one hadronic interaction length thick). Having this feature provides two important new capabilities to the exi)erimciit ... 

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