Grey liver

In correlation with fatty infiltration, the fatty liver shows a diffuse reduction in density with decreased Hounsfield units. The fatty liver appears much darker than the spleen (so-called grey liver). Hepatomegaly with smooth contours is visible. The parenchyma is iso-dense or hypodense compared with the vessels and bile ducts, which is why (depending on the degree of fatty infiltration) there is a reversal of density (so-called negative scan ). A linear correlation exists between the extent of the fatty infiltration and the decrease in the density recorded. An increase in the relative fat content by 10% leads to a reduction in density of 17(-20) HU. 

Teigen SW, Andersen RA, Daae HL, Skaare JU. 1999. Heavy metal content in liver and kidneys of grey seals Halichoerus grypus) in various life stages correlated with metallothionein levels some metal-binding characteristics of this protein. Environ Toxicol Chem 18 2364-2369. 

Fig. 24.1 Variant alleles at the human TPMT locus. Grey boxes are exons containing mutations. White boxes are untranslated regions and black boxes represent exons in the ORF. Dashed box represents exon 2, which was detected in one of 16 human liver cDNAs (adapted from [30]).

Jenssen, B.M., J.U. Skaare, M. Ekker, D. Vongraven, and S.H. Lorentsen. 1996. Organochlorine compounds in blubber, liver and brain in neonatal grey seal pups. Chemosphere 32 2115-2125. 

When compared to other cetaceans, PCB residues in blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea showed a measurable sexual difference. PCB concentrations were lower in older female porpoises possibly due to lactational transfer to their calves, while in males the PCB concentrations were positively correlated with increasing age (Tanabe et al. 1997). In stellar sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), the transfer rate of PCBs through lactation was estimated at 80% of the total body PCB burden of adult females (Lee et al. 1996). PCB concentrations in liver of the stellar sea lion from the Bering Sea increased with increasing age and correlated positively with those of blubber (Lee et al. 1996). In ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Russian Arctic, lactational transfer of PCBs was estimated at 25% of whole-body burden in the mature female (Nakata et al. 1998), or about one third that of stellar sea lions. In grey seals (Halichoerus... 

Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos liver vs. eggs total PCBs Norway, 1965-83 dead on collection Grey heron, Ardea cinerea England 1988-90 total PCBs (35 congeners) 2000 (<100-250,000) FW vs. 1000 (400-5700) FW 1... 

Groger WKL, Grey TF. 1979. Effect of chloroform on the activities of liver enzymes in rats. Toxicology 14 23-38. 

England, 1963-90, liver Grey heron, Ardea cinerea 1963-70 44 (20-96) FW 98... 

Structure of a crystalline fatty acidbinding protein from liver with two molecules of bound oleate (dark rods). The lower molecule is more deeply embedded in the protein and more tightly bound than the second molecule, which is closer to the outer surface of the protein. Semitransparent grey marks the solvent-accessible surface of the binding cavity. An unknown molecule, perhaps butanoic acid (as modeled), binds also at top of the protein. See Thompson et al.n Courtesy of Leonard Banaszak. 

Calcium Sulfide (Crude CaS is called Sulfurated lime, Calcic liver of sulfur. Liver of lime. Hepar caicis or Oldhamite). CaS mw 72.14 colorl cub cryst the crude material is yel to pale grey odor of H2S in moist air unpleasant alkaline taste mp > 2000° (decompn) d 2.5g/cc RI 2.137. V sol in solns of amm salts sol in hot w with partial decompn si sol in cold w insol in ethanol. CA Registry No [20548-54-3]. Prepn is by heating pure CaC03 in a stream of H2S+H2 at 1000°... 

Steatorrhoea is the formation of non-solid faeces. Floating stools, due to excess fat, are oily in appearance and foul smelling. There is increased fat excretion, which can be measured by determining the faecal fat level. Possible biological causes can be lack of bile acids (due to liver damage or hypolipidaemic drugs), defects or a reduction in pancreatic enzymes (lipase), and defective mucosal cells. The absence of bile acids will cause the faeces to turn grey or pale. 

The grey baby syndrome occurs in neonates as circulatory collapse in which the skin develops a cyanotic grey colour. It is caused by high chloramphenicol plasma concentration due to failure of the liver to conjugate, and of the kidney to excrete the drug. 

Patients with liver cirrhosis often show typical facial skin stigmata the colour is a pallid yellowish grey, mostly with patchy pigmentation due to the greater deposition of melanin. Spider naevi and reticular telangiectases are found. The skin frequently appears shrivelled, wrinkled and prematurely aged. 

Haemochromatosis As a result of the accumulation of iron in the liver cells, the relaxation time T2 is considerably shortened, with a corresponding decrease in signal intensity. This can also be determined quantitatively. Depending on the iron content, the liver appears dark grey to black, (s. fig. 8.8) The success rate is 100% at an iron concentration of 1 mg/g liver tissue. An iron-free node may suggest HCC. Haemosiderosis with iron deposition in the RES is also characterized by similar, yet less marked findings. A fall in signal intensity is discernible when the iron content/g in the liver tissue has almost quadrupled. (58, 64, 78, 91, 94, 113)... 

After severe viral hepatitis had been overcome, we were able to use photolaparoscopy in many cases to document extensive parenchymal losses, particularly in the area of the left liver lobe. We found not only (1.) diffusely distributed scarred retractions and defects in the connective tissue on the liver surface, but also (2.) circumscribed, relatively clearly defined grey-white and sunken scar plates, and even (i.) a largely dystrophic loss of the left liver lobe. (s. figs. 21.10 22.15, 22.16)... 

Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae may cause both toxic liver damage and pneumococcal hepatitis with focal necroses, leading to the corresponding laboratory findings. In lobar pneumonia, jaundice (= biliary pneumonia) frequently occurs in the so-called grey hepatization stage. In addition to predominantly bacterial haemolytic jaundice, increased transaminases (20%) and cholestasis (10%) are found. The condition always regresses completely. A liver abscess induced by pneumococci is a rare event. (3-5, 9)... 

In the bluish-grey areas, the porphyrin content is three to four times higher than in the lighter liver sections. In... 

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