Grease production

TABLE 8. Naming Conventions for inedibie Taiiow and Grease Products. ... 

Grease production data are often lumped with that for inedible tallow. Greases constitute about 45% of this total and are used exclusively in nonedible applications. In the United States, the use of yellow grease in animal feeds is increasing yearly and in 2000 accounted for 36% of total feed fat usage (62). 

NLGI (2005) Grease Production Survey Report, NLGI, Kansas City. 

During the formulation of an oil, blending of all these components gives an extremely wide variety of products described in the classification. Nevertheless, the lubricating greases make up a special product category among them. 

Halocarbon oil Halocarbon Products Corp., River Edge, N.J. oils, waxes, and greases... 

K > Na > Li. After neutralization or removal of the catalyst, fluid polymers are used as is or to formulate grease compounds. If a reactive end blocking group was incorporated during polymerization, the fluid polymer is then useful for making a coating, a sealant, or a Hquid mbber product. 

Petroleum. Apart from its use ia petrochemicals manufacture, there are a number of small, scattered uses of lime ia petroleum (qv) production. These are ia making red lime (drilling) muds, calcium-based lubricating grease, neutralization of organic sulfur compounds and waste acid effluents, water treatment ia water flooding (secondary oil recovery), and use of lime and pozzolans for cementing very deep oil wells. 

Lithium hydroxide can be used for preparation of numerous lithium salts. The dominant use is the preparation of lithium stearate [4485-12-5], which is added to lubricating greases in amounts up to about 10% by weight. This salt has very low water solubiHty and extends the acceptable viscosity for the grease to both low and high temperatures (see Lubrication and lubricants). Lithium hydroxide is also used in production of dyes (62) and has been proposed as a source of lithium ion for inhibition of alkaH-aggregate expansive reactivity in concrete (63). 

Petroleum (qv) products dominate lubricant production with a 98% share of the market for lubricating oils and greases. While lower cost leads to first consideration of these petroleum lubricants, production of various synthetic lubricants covered later has been expanding to take advantage of special properties such as stability at extreme temperatures, chemical inertness, fire resistance, low toxicity, and environmental compatibility. 

In addition to their automotive use, PAO oils also find appfication in industrial and aircraft hydraufic fluids, gear oils, compressors, and environmentally sensitive appfications. They are also used in multipurpose greases for army, navy, nuclear, and industrial appfications. Expanding use has led to a growth rate of PAO production from 1985 to 1990 of 19% per year (28). 

Total yearly production of lubricants ia the United States has been faidy stable siace the 1960s. The production peak of 11.2 X 10 m (70.7 x 10 bbl)ia 1974 gradually dechned to 8.9 x 10 m (55.9 x 10 bbl) ia 1991, which is about 30% of worldwide production. Automotive lubricants make up about 56% of U.S. production, iadustrial lubricants 38%, and greases 2%. Future growth rate of the market is expected typically to be 1—3% per year. 

Upon satisfactory deterrnination of nontoxicity of a lubricant, the USDA issues one of two ratings HI for use where there is incidental or possible food contact as by splashing or dripping from machinery above an edible product, or H2 for no food contact as in sealed gear boxes or machinery below a product line (82—84). These classes include a number of petroleum and synthetic oils and greases. 

Chemical treatments commonly appHed to cormgated paperboard packaging materials include additives that impart various degrees of water resistance, humidity resistance, oil and grease resistance, product abrasion resistance, product corrosion resistance, adhesion release properties, flame-retardant properties, nonskid properties, and static electricity control properties to the finished package (1,2). 

Instmmental methods of analysis provide information about the specific composition and purity of the amines. QuaUtative information about the identity of the product (functional groups present) and quantitative analysis (amount of various components such as nitrile, amide, acid, and deterruination of unsaturation) can be obtained by infrared analysis. Gas chromatography (gc), with a Hquid phase of either Apiezon grease or Carbowax, and high performance Hquid chromatography (hplc), using siHca columns and solvent systems such as isooctane, methyl tert-huty ether, tetrahydrofuran, and methanol, are used for quantitative analysis of fatty amine mixtures. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nmr), both proton ( H) and carbon-13 ( C), which can be used for quaHtative and quantitative analysis, is an important method used to analyze fatty amines (8,81). 

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