Future growth rate

Total yearly production of lubricants ia the United States has been faidy stable siace the 1960s. The production peak of 11.2 X 10 m (70.7 x 10 bbl)ia 1974 gradually dechned to 8.9 x 10 m (55.9 x 10 bbl) ia 1991, which is about 30% of worldwide production. Automotive lubricants make up about 56% of U.S. production, iadustrial lubricants 38%, and greases 2%. Future growth rate of the market is expected typically to be 1—3% per year. 

The Renewables-Intensive Global Energy Scenario (RIGES) predicts a primary energy potential from biomass resources for Western Europe to be 14160 PJ/year by 2025 and 14 170 PJ/year by 2050 (Johansson et al., 1993). Thereby the biomass potential comprises resources from wood, energy crops, agricultural residues and industrial biomass residues. The estimates are based on the biomass production at that time in combination with assumptions of future growth rates. 

In 1995, approximately 6 to 6.5 x 106 t of carbon black were produced. Production capacities were estimated at the same time to be 8 x 106 t/a (Table 34). The annual growth rate, on the average 7.9% per year between 1965 and 1975 in the United States, has decreased substantially, primarily in respect of rubber blacks due to longer tire life and the fact that the car market is reaching a saturation. Therefore, the future growth rate of the carbon black market is expected to be rather limited and will not exceed 1 to 2 % per year. 

A second area of concern is that of reduced tree growth in forests. The leaching of nutrients from the soil by acid deposition may cause a reduction in future growth rates or changes in the type of trees to those able to survive in the altered environment. In addition to the change in soil composition, there are the direct effects on the trees from sulfur and nitrogen oxides as well as ozone. 

Custom synthesized acrylic latexes have shown promise when thermally cured with cycloaliphatic epoxies (218). While the overall volume is still relatively modest (estimated at <20,000 MT in 2000 for the global market), it is expected that future growth rate for this segment will be much higher than standard epoxy resins, particularly in Europe where environmental pressures are stronger. 

The growth rate of pol5airethane RIM/RRIM parts is slowed to only about 1% because of the need to develop products with easier recycling routes, but RRIM-based composite pickup-truck boxes weighing up to 115 kg are currently produced using two separate RRIM molding processes. This trend may positively influence the future growth rate of polyurethane parts. In 1998 RIM/RRIM consumption in Europe was 8935 kt/a, while in the United States, 39,900 kt/a was consumed. The Asian market amounted to 8205 kt/a. 

The largest outlet for phenol worldwide is phenoHc resins (qv). However, the growth rate of bisphenol A is higher than that of the other significant derivatives and is projected to become the principal use of phenol in the future (see Epoxy resins Polycarbonates). Table 6 shows the portion of world phenol demand by use and the anticipated growth rate of the uses. 

Table 3 Hsts the U.S. producers of methylene chloride and their rated yearly capacities. Since the product mix of a typical chloromethanes process is very flexible, production may be adjusted according to the demand for methylene chloride and chloroform. The demand for methylene chloride has taken a broad downturn as a result of the 1985 NTP carcinogenicity tests (Table 4). The 1988 and 1989 demands were 227,000 t and 216,000 t, respectively, with a forecast 1993 demand of 186,000 t. The historical growth rate (1979—1988) was —2.7% pet year. In the future this should decrease even further to —3 to...

A second area of concern is reduced tree growth in forests. As acidic deposition moves through forest soil, the leaching process removes nutrients. If the soil base is thin or contains barely adequate amounts of nutrients to support a particular mix of species, the continued loss of a portion of the soil minerals may cause a reduction in future tree growth rates or a change in the types of trees able to survive in a given location. 

Demand for natural gas, in all markets—residential, commercial, and industrial—is projected to grow into the foreseeable future, particularly in the electric power generation market and the industrial sector. Total natural gas use in the United States is projected to grow from 20.1 quadrillion British thermal units in 1992 to 26.1 by 2010, an average growth rate of 1.6 percent per year. 

The projection of future emissions of fossil fuel CO2 is subject to a number of uncertainties. The growth rate has already shown great variations and the reserves of fossil fuels are not... 

The phenomenal growth of the World Wide Web and Internet has revolutionized the delivery of text and image-based information. All signs point to the idea that this will be the definitive technology for the foreseeable future. The rate of change in computer capabilities will pull us all forward. Some of us may not be in the position to drive such changes but merely will be able to follow. One sees acronyms such as CADDY, PDF, HRML, and XML, but what exactly do they mean How would an electronic submission function What would it look like What are the basic pieces, or building blocks, of an electronic submission ... 

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