Grasshoppers

A certain species of grasshopper secretes an allenic substance of molecular formula C13H20O3 that acts as an ant repellent The carbon skeleton and location of various substituents in this substance are indicated in the partial structure shown Complete the structure adding double bonds where appropriate... 

Lindane is used predominately as a seed dressing and soil insecticide, for the control of ectoparasites of humans and domestic animals, for the control of locusts and grasshoppers, and as a residual spray to control the Anopheles vectors of malaria. Because of its relatively high volatility it is useful to control wood-boring insects of timber, fmit trees, and ornamental plants. The mode of action is not well understood but is thought to be competitive blocking of the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmitter of synaptic nerve transmission. 

Microsporida, especially Nosema spp., are pathogens in many insect pests. However, only Nosema locustae which attacks grasshoppers, is marketed. 

Baits include mixtures of toxicant, usually at l ndash 5%, with a carrier especially attractive to the insect pest. Carriers include sugar for the houseflies, protein hydrolysates for fmit flies, bran for grasshoppers, and honey, chocolate, or peanut butter for ants. 

Devastation caused by pests has troubled both ancient and modem humans often changing the course of history. The bubonic plague in Europe and the great potato famine in Ireland were both caused by pests. In 1884, grasshoppers caused such a food shortage in the midwestem United States that a national disaster was declared. 

Vector Control and Plagues rodents, mosquitoes, tsetse flies, grasshoppers, locusts... 

Heupferd, n. grasshopper, heurig, a. of this year, current. 

The extent to which plastics are used in any industry in the future will depend in part upon the continued total R D activity carried on by materials producers, processors, fabricators, and users in their desire to broaden the scope of plastic applications. An R D example is the rail car hopper, called the Grasshopper (10,14). It is literally all plastic that provides improved load and operating performances over metals (Fig. 10-11). ... 

At the suggestion of a colleague, I tried the Cutting Room s White Hot Martini. The White Hot is a chocolate martini, despite the fact that it is as white as a washed poodle. It is a Gen X version of a Grasshopper, or other pastel ladies drinks from tire 1950s that include cream. 

Decker, K.W. 1986 Isotopic and chemical reconstruction of diet and its hiologieal and soeial dimensions at Grasshopper Puehlo, Arizona. Paper presented at the 51st Annual Meetings of the Society for American Archaeology, April 1986, New Orleans. 

Taylor GN, Lloyd RD, Mays CW, et al. 1993b. Liver cancer induction by 239Pu, 241 Am, and Thorotrast in the grasshopper mouse, Onychomys leukogaster. Health Phys 64(2) 141-146. 

The 1946 cooperative control program against grasshoppers saved crops on 5,666,000 acres at an estimated value of 41,000,000. For each dollar spent 52 worth of crops was saved. 

Weinman and Decker list the LD50 values against adult grasshoppers (M. differentia alis) for a number of the more common toxicants, both as contact poisons and as stomach poisons, giving the values shown in Table VI (H). 

Expressed as micrograms of toxicant per gram of grasshopper weight)... 

For the control of locusts, grasshoppers, and crickets, 2 to 4 ounces of aldrin per acre, applied as a spray to host crops, yield highly effective results. The 4-ounce dosage is necessary under adverse control conditions such as prevail where vegetation is dry and most of the insects are in advanced stages of growth (9). 

Medler, J. T., Insect Control Conference with Industry, Univ. Wisconsin, Grasshopper Control... 

Taghert, P., and Goodman, C. S. (1984). Cell determination and differentiation of identified serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the grasshopper embryo. J. Neuro-sci. 4 989-1000. 

For example, the 1,2,2 trifluoroethyl group has found use in the fungicide tetraconezole (6-1), whereas the 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl group is encountered in the benzoylphenylurea insecticide hexaflumuron (6-2), which is used to control locust and grasshoppers in Sahalian grasslands (Fig. 6.1). 

Meinwald, J., K. Erickson, M. Hartshorn, Y. C. Meinwald, and T. Eisner (1968). Defensive mechanisms of arthropods. XXIII. Anallenic sesquiterpenoid from the grasshopper Romalea microptera. Tetrahedron Lett. 25 2959-2962. 

Semeena VS, Lammel G (2005) Significance of the grasshopper effect on the atmospheric distribution of persistent organic substances. Geophysical Research Letters 32 Senthilkumar K, Ohi E, Sajwan K, Takasuga T, Kannan K (2007) Perfluorinated compounds in river water, river sediment, market fish, and wildlife samples from japan. Bull of Environ Contain Toxicol 79 427 131... 

Bhunya, S.P. and T. Behura. 1986. Evaluation of clastogenicity of three pesticides in the grasshopper test system. Jour. Zool. Soc. India 38 73-82. 

Forsythe, D.J., C.F. Hinks, and N.D. Westcott. 1994. Feeding by clay-colored sparrows on grasshoppers and toxicity of carbofuran residues. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 781-788. 

McEwen, L.C., C.E. Knittle, and M.L. Richmond. 1972. Wildlife effects from grasshopper insecticides sprayed on short-grass range. Jour. Range Manage. 25 188-195. 

Short-horned grasshopper, whole Applied June 9, 1980 was 12.1 mg/kg FW residues after 24 days were always <1 mg/kg FW Residues were 0.03 mg/kg FW after 36 days, 1... 

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