Grasses and reeds

In addition to the biofuel sources that come from food products, non-food grasses and reeds can also be harmful. Being an alien, powerful and invasive species, they can overrun adjacent farms or natural lands. Some of these species, such as Jatropha, are also poisonous and if they invade pastures, they can harm the grazing herds. Other species, such as giant reeds can drain wetlands and clog drainage systems. Therefore, not all the sources of cellu-losic biofuels are useful or desirable. 

Grasses and reeds The fibres come from the stem of plants, such as bamboo or sugar cane. 

Grass and reed such as bamboo, wheat, rice, oat, barley, elephant grass, and others. 

There are several different classifications in terms of plant fibers. While the classification of Nishino [59] includes seven groups as bast (soft) fibers (flax, hemp, jute), leaf (hard) fibers (sisal, abaca, pineapple, etc.), stem fibers (bamboo, banana stalk, corn stalk), fruit fibers (coconut), seed fibers (cotton, baobab, kapok), straw fibers (rice, wheat, corn), and others (seaweeds, palm), that of Faruk et al. [3] has six groups bast fibers (jute, flax, hemp), leaf fibers (abaca, sisal and pineapple), seed fibers (coir, cotton and kapok), core fibers (kenaf, hemp and jute), grass and reed fibers (wheat, corn and rice) and all other types (wood and roots). 

Grasses and Reeds Wheat, Oat, Barley, Rice, Bamboo, Bagasse, Reed, Corn, Rape, Rye, Esparto, Elephant grass, Canary grass. Seaweeds, Palm, Alpha... 

When the fate and effects of dispersants and oil were studied in a freshwater lake, it was found that dispersants reduced the overall impact of the oil by reducing the adhesion of the oil to grasses and reeds around the lake [91]. 

Natural fibers vary widely in chemical composition, stmcture, and dimension and are obtained from different parts of the plants. Natural fibers, such as jute, ramie, flax, kenaf, and hemp are obtained from the stem abaca, sisal, banana and pineapple from the leaf cotton, coir, and kapok from the seed grass, and reed fibers (com, rice, and wheat) [4]. Climatic conditions, age, and fiber extraction... 

Rickard, W.H. and K.R. Price. 1990. Strontium-90 in Canada goose eggshells and reed Canary grass from the Columbia River, Washington. Environ. Monitor. Assess. 14 71-76. 

In 1975, fruiting bodies of this species were also discovered in Holland. Additional bluing mushrooms growing gregariously on grass and decaying reeds were found in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland in 1972 (MTB 8511). Other samples are known to have been collected in the Steiermark region of Austria in the fall of 1976, as well as on the Mediterranean island of Corsica in 1972 and 1984. 

A recent literature review [13] listed 17 wetland plants capable of RDX removal from water, or removal accompanied by RDX incorporation into plant biomass. The emergent wetland plant Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass) and the submerged wetland plant Elodea canadensis were particularly suitable for RDX bioremediation using constructed wetlands in terms of RDX removal efficiency and relative persistence [39], Studies with the model aquatic plant M. aquaticum demonstrated that RDX removal from water was a first-order rate process, similar to TNT removal [14,43], However, the first-order rate constants for RDX removal were 3.0 x 10-5 L g 1 FW h 1 versus 2.2 x 10 3 L g 1 FW h 1 for TNT removal at the same conditions [14],... 

Other plants with fibres applicable for reinforcement are sugarcane bagasse, akwara, elephant grass, water reed, plantain and musamba (Aziz et al. 1981). 

Chemical pulp is produced by chemical pulping of vegetable raw materials such as not only hardwood and softwood, but also from straw from different kinds of cereals, bagasse, reed, or esparto grass, and from other annual non-wood plants. 

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