Giant reed

Dehydrobufotenine There is a covalent bond formed between the dimethylated nitrogen atom and the indolic 4-position, by the theoretical removal of a molecule of hydrogen. It is no longer a simple tryptamine but as it is a commonly found component of the chemistry of several toads, and a few giant reeds as well, it is included here. It is, by definition, a quaternary amine salt. 

In addition to the biofuel sources that come from food products, non-food grasses and reeds can also be harmful. Being an alien, powerful and invasive species, they can overrun adjacent farms or natural lands. Some of these species, such as Jatropha, are also poisonous and if they invade pastures, they can harm the grazing herds. Other species, such as giant reeds can drain wetlands and clog drainage systems. Therefore, not all the sources of cellu-losic biofuels are useful or desirable. 

Hydroxamic acids are commonly occurring secondary metabolites in cultivated and wild Gramineae.16,27,43 This family of compounds has not been found in cereal seeds, but they can be detected easily in seedlings and mature plants of cereals such as wheat, corn or rye.3 The presence of these compounds is species dependent and is also influenced by the age of the plant, temperature, photoperiod and organ assayed.4,14,19 Their occurrence has been broadly related with the resistance of cereals (corn, wheat, wild rye, giant reed, etc) to insects and disease organisms. 1... 

Table 1 In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and ethanol production of leaf and stem tissues of 12-week-old bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.), mature napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum) and giant reed (Arundo donax) grown at Tifton, GA. 2004.

C24H30N2, Mr 346.52, cryst.,mp. 169-170 C. Unusual cyclobutane derivative from the giant reed Arundo do-nax, Poaceae). The compound, whose structure has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography does not fit in any known biosynthetic scheme. 

Milwich et al. (2006) combined ideas of cellulose fiber orientation in wood with the structure of the stem of giant reeds to create a hybrid model realized using advanced braid protrusion machinery at the Institute of Textile Technology and Process Engineering (ITV) Germany. The outcome called Technical Plant Stem is a commercially scalable architectural textile composite that demonstrates excellent strength and impact resistance with the minimal material use (Speck and Speck, 2006). 

Fibre-reinforced composite materials are relatively new and are of interest for primary constructions. These materials are lightweight and may easily be processed into complex forms. In specifically designed primary constructions, the natural forms of organic membranes may have a counterpart in bionic development such as the technical plant stem , which is formed on a model of giant reeds and horsetail (Milwich et al. 2006). 

Cross-section of the stem wall of giant reed (Arundo dona)d. 

The hollow stems of the giant reed (Arundo donax) offer another astonishing sort of core a sophisticated, weight-optimized structure with a material optimized to dynamic loads. The stems are composed of strengthening elements such as vascular bundles and accompanying fiber caps, which are embedded in a matrix of basic parenchyma (see Fig. 9.6). In cross-section, at least four structural gradients on different hierarchical levels can be found, which meet also all theoretical considerations and needs of technical composite structures. 

Bionic abstraction of giant reed properties and transfer into techniques... 

Spatz, H.-Ch., H. Beismann, E Bruechert, A. Emanns, and T. Speck. 1997. Biomechanics of the giant reed Arundo donax. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, Biological Sciences 352 1-10. 

Speck, O., and H.-CH. Spatz. 2004. Damped oscillations of the giant reed Arundo donax (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 789-796. 

Zhang J, Siika-aho M, Tenkanen M, Viikari L. (2011). The role of acetyl xylan esterase in the solubilization of xylan and enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw and giant reed. Biotechnol Biofuels, 4(1), 60. 

Fig. 6.2 Some toxicity symptoms and tolerant of Se on giant reed (Arundo donax L., Hungarian ecotype 20SZ) in solid media after about 2, 5, 7 and 10 weeks (from top to bottom, respectively) from clusters transfer at 20 mg Se kg (Photos by H. El-Ramady)...

Fig. 6.5 The comparison between the effects of different concentration of Se forms as selenate and Se-nano (from 0, 1, 10, and 20 mg Se kg", and 100 ppm nano-Se, from left to right respectively), where the distinguished effect of nano-Se on rooting of giant reed (Hungarian ecotype 20SZ) in solid media can be noticed (Photos by H. El-Ramady Domokos-Szabolcsy et al. 2014)...

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