Grass Weed Spectrum

Pinoxaden is for broad spectrum grass weed management use in cereal crops [14], It is applied postemergence at field use rates of 30-60 g ai/ha. Suscephble weed species stop growing within 48 hours of treatment, turn yellow within 1-2 weeks and are dead within 3-5 weeks. Uptake of pinoxaden is into green leaf tissue, from where it is translocated quickly within the plant. 

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On the other hand, the broad weed control spectrum of chloramben, which was introduced in 1959, brought with it widespread acceptance. As an over-the-row band for control of both broadleaf and grass weeds, cost was minimized. With good crop tolerance, chloramben dominated the early soybean herbicide market. During 1972, 85% of the product was applied as the granular formulation (Table 4.2). However, as application practices changed for the soybean crop, banded applications became an inconvenience. Herbicides such as metribuzin (a triazine herbicide), linuron, and bentazon, which could be applied as an affordable broadcast treatment, soon became products of choice, and the marketing of chloramben was eventually discontinued in 1990. 

Broad-spectrum weed control Atrazine and simazine control a broad spectrum of broadleaf and grass weeds. In fact, of the 28 weeds species considered in the analysis, atrazine provides a higher level of control of a greater number of them than any other herbicide. 

DPX-T 6376 has a different spectrum of activity from chlorsulfuron. It is more active on Viola, Polygonum spp., and Veronica persica while less active on GcUium aparine. It controls certain grass weeds as Apera spica venti and Lolium spp. 

Among these factors, seven refer to agronomic aspects (absence of residues, selectivity, action spectrum, persistence, speed of action, specific action on grass weeds or specific action on dicotyledons), the others relate to economic reasons, safety, and direct (personal experience) or indirect (retailer advice, company assistance) information. The economic aspect plays an important role, demonstrated not only by the high score of the specific item (costs) but also by the indirect economic fall-out of other... 

Mesosulfuron-methyl (AE F130060) (Table 2.2.11) [19] was the second safened sulfonylurea herbicide for cereal crops to be commercialized. This compound was introduced in 2001 and has been commercialized by Bayer CropScience [20, 21]. Its strength is broad-spectrum post-emergence grass weed control. Mesosulfuron-methyl, at a dose rate of 4.5-15 g-a.i. ha , reliably controls 24 different grass weed species from 12 different families. Among the commercially... 

In summary, EL-177 is a new and effective herbicide with a wide spectrum of activity on many broadleaf and grass weeds. EL-177 is being developed as a preemergent herbicide on corn and as a postemergent herbicide on cereals. A number of synthetic routes for the preparation of EL-177 have been developed. The application of a regioselective t-butylation reaction not only provided a more economic synthesis of EL-177, but through the use of tertiary carbocation chemistry an expansion of the 5-cyano-1-alky 1-lli-pyrazole-4-carboxamide series was accomplished. 

Sulfentrazone is a broad-spectrum, pre-emergent herbicide that provides good control over broadleaf weeds, grasses and sedges in crops and turf. The metabolism of sulfentrazone in animals and plants is similar. The major plant metabolite of sulfentrazone is 3-hydroxymethyl sulfentrazone (HMS). The soybean tolerance of 0.05 mg kg includes residues of sulfentrazone plus its major metabolite, HMS. The rotational crop tolerance includes residues of sulfentrazone and its major metabolites, HMS and... 

Imidazoles. Imidazole herbicides arc generally used for selective pre-nnd post-cmcrgencc control of grass and broadleaved weeds In croplands. Bulhida7olc and ima/upyr arc used for broad-spectrum, nonselcctive weed control in noncroplands. 

Triazines are selective herbicides used to control a wide spectrum of grass and broadleaf weeds in cereal, oilseed, and horticultural crops. Triazine herbicides kill weeds by interfering with the electron transport chain in photosystem II (PS II). These herbicides bind to the QB protein in the PS II reaction center and block the flow of electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain. 

Uses nonselective, post-emergent, broad spectrum herbicide to control annual and perennial grasses, sedges, broadleaf, and emerged aquatic weeds also used to control insects on fruit trees. 

Structure-activity studies have shown the crucial role of the trifluoromethyl group in optimum biological activity of bleaching herbicides [38], Isoxaflutole (Balance , Merlin ) is a root or foliar uptake systemic herbicide with broad-spectrum control in corn and sugarcane of both grass and broadleaf weeds [39], Isoxaflutole is rapidly converted in plants and in soil to the diketonitrile form, which is the biologically active species (Fig. 7) [40],... 

Flufenacet (Cadou , Drago ), the 5-trifluoromethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yloxy acetanilide herbicide developed by Bayer CropScience, belongs to the oxyacet-amide class of herbicides. Flufenacet is effective in controlling a broad spectrum of annual grass, hedges, and small broadleaf weeds [74]. 

Uses Glyphosate is a phosphanoglycine and does not inhibit cholinesterase activity.12,13 Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, nonselective systemic herbicide with moderate toxicity. Essentially, it is useful on all annual and perennial plants including grasses, sedges, broadleaf weeds, and woody plants. It is used on noncropland and on a variety of crops.17,28-34... 

Selective herbicide with broad spectrum grass control and control of some broad leaved weeds in maize, soybeans, sunflower, wheat, rice... 

Unsubstituted uracils have no herbicidal activity but certain derivatives substituted in the 3,5,6-positions are active. The most important examples are bromouracil, terbacil, and lenacil. These compounds were introduced by DuPont in 1963. These herbicides are applied to the soil and are used for selective weed control. Bromacil and terbacil are pre- and postemergence herbicides they control a wide spectrum of grass and broadleaf weeds when applied early in the growing season. These compounds must be carried to the roots by soil moisture, where they are absorbed and translocated to the rest of the plant. This family of herbicides is used for asparagus, sugar cane, pineapple, apple, and citrus crops. 

Paraquat is used as a broad-spectrum herbicide on weeds and grasses in agricultural and nonagricultural areas. It is used as a desiccant on tomatoes, cotton, beans, soybeans, potatoes, sunflowers, and sugar cane to aid in harvesting and to induce resin soaking on pine trees. 

Caraway is a crop with very small competitive ability against the majority of weed species and has slow development at the beginning. The timing of herbicides application is very important, especially at biennial caraway. There is a recommendation for regulating the perennial species (couch grass) and hardly regulated weeds (common thistle, sorrel) in a fore crop. The spectrum of the herbicides registered into caraway is narrow. The different sensitivity of cover crop and caraway to the herbicides plays the important role, as well as the coordination of the application term from the point of view of the efficiency and the sensitivity (Vaculik, 2006 2007 2008 Vaculik et al., 2008). 

We first became interested in pyridazines as herbicides when a number of pyridazines synthesized in a CNS project at our Lederle division were evaluated in our primary herbicide screen. One of these compounds, AC 228,764, controlled eleven of the twelve weed species at 8 kg/ha in the preemergence test. All of the test species were bleached, emerging white from the soil. In our secondary evaluation at 4 kg/ha, AC 228,764 controlled ten out of eleven annual grass and broadleaf weed species with selectivity in cotton, soybeans and rice. This spectrum of activity and crop... 

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