Graphite nanoplatelets

S. Stankovich, R.D. Piner, X. Chen, N. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff, Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), Journal of Materials Chemistry, 16 (2006) 155. 

Noncovalent functionalization of graphene is important, as it does not affect the electronic structure and planarity of this 2D material. Stable aqueous dispersions of polymer-coated graphitic nanoplatelets can be prepared through an exfoliation and... 

Glucose oxidase Graphite nanoplatelets decorated with Pt and Pd nanoparticles Amperometric glucose biosensor [79]... 

Fig. 11.8 FESEM images of nanocomposite-based polyethylene terephthalate (FETl/polypropy-lene (PP)/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) [PET/PP/GNP] nanocomposites at 3 phr showing a GNPO, b GNP3, showing the uniform dispersion of GNP3, and c GNP3, showing the attachment of GNP particles on the compatibilizer surface [31]...

Bonso, J. S., A. Rahy, S. D. Perera et al. 2012. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets-V20j nanotube composite electrodes for supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources 203 227-232. 

Yu, A, Ramesh, P., Itkls, M. E., Belq arova, E., and Haddon, R C. (2007], Graphite nanoplatelet-epoxy composite thermal interface materials. J. Phys. Chem. C, 21, pp. 7565-7569. 

Dimensions of graphite nanoplatelets are determined in the literature from the analysis of TEM micrographs the minimum lateral size was shown to be about 500 nm. 

A carbon nanotube alternative graphite nanoplatelets as reinforcements for polymers. Proceedings of the 61st SPE ANTEC, pp. 2230-2234. 

Raza, M. A. Westwood, A. V. K. Brown, A. P. Stirling, C., Texture, Transport and Mechanical Properties of Graphite Nanoplatelet/Sihcone Composites Produced by Three Roll Mill. Compos. Sci. Tech. 2012, 72,112-118. 

The relatively low cost of graphite in comparison to CNTs makes exfoliated graphite an attractive material (20). The use of graphite nanoplatelets is advantageous because of the chemistry of the graphene and graphene-Uke sheets compared to clay nanoplates. 

Compositematerialcontainingatleastonephasewithconstituentsofl-lOOmn in size can be termed nanocomposites. Nanoparticles commonly used in the nanocomposite include single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), carbon nanofiber (CNF), graphite nanoplatelet (GNP), mont-morillonite (MMT), nanoclay and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS). Other nanoparticles, such as SiOj, AljOj, TiOj and nanosilica are also used in the nanocomposite. The potential benefits of the nanoparticles for structural and multifunctional nanocomposites are sunamarized below. 

Li, D., Muller, M., Gilje, S., Richard, B. K., and Gordon G. W., Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets . Nature Nanotechnology, 2008, 3, 101-105. Xiang, J. L. and Drzal, L. T., Thermal conductivity of exfohated graphite nanoplatelet paper . Carbon, 2011,49,773-778. 

G graphene, G-O graphene oxide, GO graphite oxide, GNP graphite nanoplatelet fillers, TEGO thermeilly expemded graphite oxide... 

Recent studies showed that graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) or graphene could be used as a viable and inexpensive filler substitute for (3NTs (Fukushima and Drzal 2003). Typical values of the electrical percolation thresholds, which have been reported in the literature for graphene-based nanocomposites for selected polymer matrices, are presented in Table 13.3. The influence of graphene loading on the conductivity of one of the composites presented in Table 13.3 is shown in Fig. 13.2b. One can see that the electrical percolation thresholds achieved with graphene-based nanocomposites are often compared with those reported for CNT/polymer composites. 

Kalavtjidou et al. [74] measured the mechanical and electrical properties of poly-propylene-based nanocomposites reinforced with up to 25 vol% exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets. The mechanical and electrical properties of the graphite nanocomposites were investigated and compared to the properties of polypropylene-based composites reinforced with other conductive materials, for example, carbon black and carbon fibers. It was found that the graphite nanoplatelets were the most effective at increasing the modulus of the polypropylene and comparable to the other materials in terms of percolation threshold. 

Another study pointed out the effects of multiple carbon fillers on the electrical and thermal conductivity of polycarbonate-based resins (King et al. 2012). Three different carbon fillers (carbon black [CB], carbon nanotubes [CNTs], and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets [GNPs]) were analyzed via three different combinations of two different fillers (CB/CNT, CB/GNP, and CNT/GNP). In the case of the single fillers, a statistically significant increase was noticed at the 95% confidence level in composite electrical and thermal conduction. But too many filler interactions statistically impacted the composite electrical and thermal conductivity. 

Safdari M, Al-Haik MS (2013) Synergistic electrical and thermal transport properties of hybrid polymeric nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets. Carbon 64 111-121... 

Bredereck K, Hermanutz F (2005) Man-made cellulosics. Rev Prog CoIot Relat Top 35(l) 59-75 Chandrasekaran S, Seidel C, Schulte K (2013) Preparation and characterization of graphite nanoplatelet (GNP)/epoxy nano-composite mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. Eur... 

Fan Z, Zheng C, Wei T, Zhang Y, Luo G (2009) Effect of carbon black on electrical property of graphite nanoplatelets/epoxy resin composites. Polym Eng Sci 49 2041 Filippone G, Causa A, Filippone G, Causa A, de Luna MS, Sanguigno L, Aciemo D (2014) Assembly of plate-like nanoparticles in immiscible polymer blends—effect of the presence of a preferred liquid-liquid interface. Soft Matter 10 3183 Fisher ME, Essam J (1961) Some cluster size and percolation problems. J Math Phys 2 609 Foygel M, Morris R, Anez D, French S, Soholev VL (2005) Theoretical and computational studies of carbon nanotube composites and suspensions electrical and thermal conductivity. Phys Rev B 71 104201... 

Oxfall H, Ariu G, Gkouimpis T, Rychwalski RW, Rigdhal M (2015) Effect of carbon black on electrical and rheological properties of graphite nanoplatelets/poly(ethylene-butyl acrylate) composites. eXPRESS Polym Left 9 66... 

Drzal, L., et al., A carbon Nanotube Alternative Graphite Nanoplatelets as Reinforcements for... 

Electrospinning composite nanofiber with graphite filler reported. Thin graphite nanoplatelets synthesized by an intercalation / exfoliation process incorporated into nanofibers on electrospinning. 

Finally, BC hybrids with graphite nanoplatelets (multilayered GO) have shown electrical conductivities one order of magnitude higher ( 4.5 S.cm ) than that observed for loadings of MWCNTs in the same order of magnitude (-10%) [294]. 

Jiang X, Drzal LT (2010) Multifunctional high density polyethylene nanocomposites produced by incorporation of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets 1 morphology and mechanical properties. Polym Compos 31 1091-1098... 

Gao J, Hu M, Dong Y, Li RKY (2013) Graphite-nanoplatelet-decorated polymer nanofiber with improved thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5... 

Malas et al. developed expanded graphite (EG) and isocyanate modified graphite nanoplatelets (i-MG) filled SBR/BR blends, which can substitute NR in high performance application. This work also investigated the effect of i-MG on the... 

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