Modified graphite

Modified graphite expanded graphite Si- and Sn- composites alloys conducting polymers lithium-ion batteries metal-air batteries electrochemical capacitors. 

Figure 9 shows voltage profiles of the initial and modified Graphite-type materials at first charge (A) and subsequent discharge-charge (B) processes. 

Figure 10. Irreversible capacity losses (A) and reversible capacity at 10-th cycle (B) for two specific current values of modified Graphite-type materials annealed at different temperatures.

The next important property of an electrode material is cycle retention in course of long-time operation. Figure 11 provides such data for the modified graphite materials. 

Figure 11. Capacity fading of initial and modified Graphite-Type materials in course of continuous cycling.

Table. Expansion coefficients and stability indices of modified graphite nitrates. 

On modifying graphite nitrate, as follows from the material balance of the reaction, a major part of nitric acid is replaced by the organic intercalant. The latter, if it is protonated by the rest of nitric acid in the interlayer space, is capable of the strong hydrogen bonding with two... 

E. Zacco, M.I. Pividori, X. Llopis, M. del Valle, and S. Alegret, Renewable Protein A modified graphite-epoxy composite for electrochemical immunosensing. J. Immunol. Methods 286, 35—46 (2004). 

P. Wang, X.Y. Jing, W.Y. Zhang, and G.Y. Zhu, Renewable manganous hexacyanoferrate-modified graphite organosilicate composite electrode and its electrocatalytic oxidation of L-cysteine. J. Solid State Electrochem. 5, 369-374 (2001). 

S.A. Jaffari and A.P.F. Turner, Novel hexacyanoferrate(III) modified graphite disc electrodes and their application in enzyme electrodes.1. Biosens. Bioelectr. 12,1—9 (1997). 

S. Milardovic, Z. Grabaric, M. Tkalcec, and V. Rumenjak, Determination of oxalate in urine using an amperometric biosensor with oxalate oxidase immobilized on the surface of a chromium hexacyanoferrate-modified graphite electrode. J. AOAC Int. 83,1212—1217 (2000). 

Q. Deng, B. Li, and S. Dong, Self-gelatinizable copolymer immobilized glucose biosensor based on Prussian Blue modified graphite electrode. Analyst 123, 1995-1999 (1998). 

P.C. Pandey, S. Upadhyay, N.K. Shukla, and S. Sharma, Studies on the electrochemical performance of glucose biosensor based on ferrocene encapsulated ORMOSIL and glucose oxidase modified graphite paste electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18,1257—1268 (2003). 

R.M. Ianniello, T.J. Lindsay, and A.M. Yacynych, Differential pulse voltammetric study of direct electron transfer in glucose oxidase chemically modified graphite electrodes. Anal. Chem. 54, 1098-1101 (1982). 

Acetone - Pinacol U.S., Japan, Eurpoe - modified graphite cathode Pb cathode in acid... 

As a result, a highly enantioselective oxidation of (22) was achieved by using a TEMPO-modified graphite felt electrode in the presence of (—)-sparteine, where the enantiopurity of the remaining (22) was >99% and the current efficiency for (23) was >90% (Scheme 8) [51]. However, this selectivity has been questioned [52]. 

MeCN, NaCI04 TEMPO-modified graphite felt anode... 

In an enantiomer-differentiating oxidation at a poly-(L-valine)-coated Pb02 anode, rac-2,2-dimethyl-l -phenyl-1 -propanol was partially oxidized leaving 43% optically pure (5)-alcohol [371]. At a TEMPO-modified graphite felt anode rac-1-phenyl-ethanol has been enantioselectively oxidized in the presence of (-[-sparteine leaving 46% of the (/ [-alcohol with 99.6% ee [372]. However, under the same conditions, an exclusive dehydrogenation of (-[-sparteine to the iminium salt without oxidation of the alcohol was found [373]. 

Wimolkiatisak, A.S. and Bell, J.P. (1989). Interfacial shear strength and failure modes of interphase modified graphite-epoxy composites. Polym. Composites 10, 162-172. 

Benatar, A. and Gutowski, T.G. (1986). Effects of moisture on interface modified graphite epoxy composites. Polym. Composites 7, 84-90. 

Fig. 15.8 Burning rate characteristics of a GAP copolymer with and without burning-rate modifier (graphite), showing that the pressure exponent increases with increasing amount of burning-rate modifier.

Fig. 3.15 Two-dimensional (2D) Tafel diagram corresponding samples Cl-11 (square), Cl-4, Cl-6, Cl-9 (triangles), and Cl-12 (rhomb) from a bronze montefortino helmet from the Cabiiel river vaUey (Kehn and Ikalesken period) in the Valencian region of Requena, dating back to the Second Iron Age. From SQWV data of sample-modified graphite electrodes in contact with 0.50 M phosphate buffer. Potential scan initiated at +0.65 V in the negative direction. Potential step increment 4 mV square wave amplitude 25 mV frequency 5 Hz. Adapted from [183]...

Katrlik et al. [63] L-Malate, l-lactate Wines L-Malate dehydrogenase or l-lactate dehydrogenase and diaphorase/covered by a dialysis membrane NAD+-modified graphite-2-hexadecanone composite electrode Hexacyanoferrate(III)... 

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