Granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating

Erythropoiesis is a process that starts with a pluripotent stem cell in the bone marrow that eventually differentiates into an erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-E)4 (Fig. 63-1). The development of these cells depends on stimulation from the appropriate growth factors, primarily erythropoietin. Other cytokines involved include granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 3 (IL-3). Eventually, the CFU-Es differentiate into reticulocytes and cross from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood. Finally, these reticulocytes mature into erythrocytes after 1 to 2 days in the bloodstream. Throughout this process, the cells gradually accumulate more hemoglobin and lose their nuclei.4... 

Figure 3 Cytokine secretion in immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza viro-somes (IRIV)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC from a healthy donor were cultured in the absence of stimuli (Neg) or in the presence of IRIV (V, 1 50 diluted) or control liposomes (L, 1 50 diluted). On days 1, 2, and 4 supernatants were harvested and the concentrations of interferon-y (A), GM-CSF (B), TNF-a (C), and interleukin-4 (D) were determined by ELISA. Abbreviations GM-CSF, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-a. Source From Ref. 6.

Zifovudine (AZT) treatment suppresses granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor receptor type alpha (GM-CSFRa) gene expression in murine bone marrow cells. Lfe Sciences, 71, 967-978. 

Munker R, Gasson J, Ogawa M, Koeffler HR Recombinant human TNF induces production of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. Nature 1986,323,79-82. 

After binding and phagocytosis, alveolar macrophages and monocytes release pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g. lL-1, interferon-y and tumor necrosis factor-a (fig. 1). These cytokines activate resident cells (epithelial cells, fibroblasts) to produce chemokines such as lL-8, granulocyte-monocyte-colony-stimulating factor, RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) that will result in a second wave of cell recruitment (mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells). 

Shahar E, Krivoy N, Pollack S. Effective acute desensitization for immediate-type hypersensitivity to human granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999 83(6 Pt l) 543-6. 

Mehregan DR, Fransway AF, Edmonson JH, Leiferman KM. Cutaneous reactions to granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. Arch Dermatol 1992 128(8) 1055-9. 

Granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4)... 

Patients who are neutropenic at the time of developing candidemia should receive a recombinant cytokine (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor) that accelerates recovery from neutropenia. 

Briefly, lactotransferrin has been shown to be involved in numerous inflammatory events (for reviews, see refs. [179,180]) and in immune response functions such as regulation of granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor synthesis with suppression of myelopoiesis by inhibition of the production of IL-1 (for a review, see ref [181]),... 

Adib-Conquy, M., and Cavaillon, J. M. Gamma interferon and granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor prevent endotoxin tolerance in human monocytes by promoting interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase expression and its association to MyD88 and not by modulating TLR4 expression. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 27927-27934. 

Tseng, ]., and J.G. Chang. 1992. Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor secretion from human monocytes by an extract of Poria cocos. Zhonghm Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 25 (1) 1-11. 

In this context the recombinant human cytokines and colony stimulating factors such as interferones, interleukines 1 and 2 and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-monocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have to be mentioned. The application of these substances, which are used mainly for the restoration of the immune system as well as for its activation, will not be discussed here, since they do not fit into the scope and aim of this book. Apart from that, it has to be stated that the success obtained with the body s own immune regulators are not yet very convincing and one must underline the necessity to search for new immunostimulants from other sources. 

Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor L-tryptophan... 

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